Treatment efficacy of trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, pentoxifylline and altrenogest in experimentally induced equine placentitis

Bailey, C. Scott; Macpherson, Margo L.; Pozor, Małgorzata A.; Troedsson, Mats H.T.; Benson, S.; Giguère, Steeve; Sanchez, L. Chris; LeBlanc, Michelle M.; Vickroy, Thomas W.

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.02.023

Cited by 73 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Our results showing that bacterial infection had less of an effect on FGR than fungal infection is in accordance with a previous report [22]. Bacterial infections which have been studied about examinations [5, 10, 11, 19] or treatments [6] as ascending placentitis did not significantly restrict CRL but did restrict BW. For evaluating fetal growth, soft tissue indices that can evaluate weight loss, such as the transverse trunk diameter, may be more useful than skeletal indices, such as the biparietal diameter or eye orbit.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015

Murase

Miyazawa

Harada

et al. 2017

JES

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The degree of fetal growth restriction has been unclear in equine reproduction. In this study, 2,195 fetuses from 2,137 abortions during 11 seasons were examined to determine the causes of abortion, and fetal size dimensions (crown rump length and body weight) were measured. In total, 900 cases (42.1%) of abortion were identified as caused by viral infection (215, 10.1%), bacterial infection (156, 7.3%), fungal infection (25, 1.2%), circulation failure (406, 19.0%), multiple causes (66, 3.1%), deformity (13, 0.6%), placental abnormality (12, 0.6%), and other causes (7, 0.3%). All viral infections originated from equine herpes virus. Of all abortions, 94.3% occurred between 181–360 days of pregnancy, and the gestational ages at abortion were different based on the causes. Fetal sizes in viral abortions were considerably larger than those due to other reasons. Compared with viral infection, the crown rump length size dimension of fetuses aborted from multiple and fungal infection was affected. In addition, bacterial infection, circulation failure, and unknown causes of abortions also contributed to growth restriction in terms of body weight. In conclusion, the present study showed details of equine abortion and the relationships between causes of abortion and fetal size. Most of the aborted fetuses showed restrictions in their growth. The manifestations of growth restriction were more related to weight than skeletal length.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015

Murase

Miyazawa

Harada

et al. 2017

JES

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“…Furthermore, most of the initial studies were confined to the late gestational mare, and there is a relative paucity of data on assessment of the equine fetus at different stages of development [10]. For example, the diagnosis and treatment of ascending placentitis, which is one of the major causes of equine infectious abortion [14, 18], have recently been researched [4, 20, 21, 25]. Ultrasonography is an excellent tool for monitoring fetal and placental changes in mares affected by placentitis [37].…”

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confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Equine Fetal Growth Throughout Gestation in Normal Mares Using a Convex Transducer

Murase

Endo

Tsuchiya³

et al. 2014

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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It has not been common to perform regular ultrasound examination of the fetus in equine practice, due to the increasing volume of the uterus caused by fetal development. The convex three-dimensional transducer is bulb-shaped and is able to observe wide areas. In addition, its operation is simple, making it easy to create appropriate angles for various indices using a transrectal approach. The aim of this study was to measure Thoroughbred fetal growth indices throughout gestation using a convex transducer and to clarify the detectable period of some indices for clinical use. We demonstrated changes in fetal indices, such as crown rump length (CRL), fetal heart rate (FHR), fetal eye and kidney and the combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP). CTUP increased from 30 weeks of gestation, and FHR peaked at 8 weeks and then decreased to term. CRL could be observed until 13 weeks due to its wide angle, longer than in previous reports. Fetal eye and kidney could be observed from 10 and 28 weeks, respectively, and these increased with pregnancy progress. The present results showed the advantage of transrectal examination using a convex transducer for evaluation of normal fetal development. Although ultrasonographic examination in mid- to late-gestation is not common in equine reproductive practice, our comprehensive results would be a useful basis for equine pregnancy examination.

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“…premature lactation and vaginal discharge). Furthermore, in case of experimentally induced placentitis, treatment with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, pentoxifylline and altrenogest did not result in altered CTUP values, as compared to non-treated mares (Bailey et al 2010). These and our findings are in good agreement with the results of Brazilian authors (Souza et al 2010), who concluded that CTUP measurement alone is not sufficient to foresee placental failure and impending abortion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Sonographic parameters for assessment of fetal well-being in mid-gestation in german Thoroughbred mares

Seehafer¹,

Oldenhof²,

Kassens³

et al. 2015

PHK

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Summary: Sonographic parameters were studied in healthy Thoroughbred mares (n = 286) in mid-gestation (day 84 -232), and included: combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP), echogenicity of the allantoic fluid (ALF), presence of free floating particles (FFP), and the fetal heart rate (FHR). In case of an abortion or stillbirth, data of the sonographic parameters were compared with results from necropsies. Abnormalities in CTUP values were seen in 18 cases (maximum value of 17.7 mm). The sonographic appearance of ALF did not change during gestation. There was a significant difference in the presence of FFP with respect to the month of gestation. Abortion rates were determined to be 6.33 times higher for mares with presence of FFP. The mean FHR decreased significantly during gestation. In 7 mares a fetal bradycardia was found, while in 14 mares a tachycardia was found. Overall, 13 abortions (4.8 %) occurred between 201 and 315 days of gestation, which was about 94 ± 46.1 days after the sonographic examination. In one case of an abortion, an abnormal CTUP (8.9 mm), and in another case an abnormal FHR (170 beats/min) was determined. In the remaining 11 cases no abnormalities were detected during sonographic examinations. Although deviations from mean values for sonographic parameters do not necessarily result in an abortion or stillbirth, such abnormalities should be taken seriously and continuously monitored. We conclude that the month of gestation affects FFP as well as FHR in Thoroughbred mares. Furthermore, sonographic evaluation of CTUP, FFP, and FHR alone is not sufficient to foresee placental failure and impending abortion.Keywords: horse / pregnancy / ultrasound / placentitis / combined thickness of uterus and placenta / abortion / reproduction Citation: Seehafer H., Oldenhof H., Kassens A., Klewitz J., Ulrich R., Martinsson G., Rohn K., Baumgärtner W., Sieme H. (2015) Sonographic parameters for assessment of fetal well-being in mid-gestation in german Thoroughbred mares. Pferdeheilkunde 31,[477][478][479][480][481][482][483][484]

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Treatment efficacy of trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, pentoxifylline and altrenogest in experimentally induced equine placentitis

Cited by 73 publications

References 48 publications

Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015

Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Equine Fetal Growth Throughout Gestation in Normal Mares Using a Convex Transducer

Sonographic parameters for assessment of fetal well-being in mid-gestation in german Thoroughbred mares

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