Treadmill exercise improves fitness and reduces craving and use of cocaine in individuals with concurrent cocaine and tobacco-use disorder

Garza, Richard De La; Yoon, Jin Ho; Thompson-Lake, Daisy G.Y.; Haile, Colin N.; Eisenhofer, Joel D.; Newton, Thomas F.; Mahoney, James J.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.003

Cited by 39 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Indeed, results from a recent meta-analysis showed that aerobic and mind-body exercise produced similar effects on withdrawal symptoms, drug-craving, and depression (9). While higher intensity exercise may induce greater effects (20,26), even light intensity exercise, such as walking, can induce beneficial effects (14–16,20,26). Indeed, preliminary findings show that both walking and jogging decrease craving in women and men with concurrent cocaine and tobacco-use disorder although effects did not reach statistical significance in this pilot study (26).…”

Section: Overview Of Clinical Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While higher intensity exercise may induce greater effects (20,26), even light intensity exercise, such as walking, can induce beneficial effects (14–16,20,26). Indeed, preliminary findings show that both walking and jogging decrease craving in women and men with concurrent cocaine and tobacco-use disorder although effects did not reach statistical significance in this pilot study (26). The effects of exercise do appear, however, to depend on the substance used with results suggesting that its efficacy at reducing withdrawal symptoms and negative affect is more pronounced for illicit drugs as compared to nicotine and alcohol (8–9,58).…”

Section: Overview Of Clinical Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although few randomized controlled trials have investigated exercise as a treatment for other substance use disorders, results from recent trials and pilot studies demonstrate its feasibility (26– 33,59). For example, 4-weeks of aerobic exercise improved basic fitness in men and women with concurrent cocaine and tobacco-use disorder (26), and 8-weeks of endurance/resistance-exercise improved fitness in individuals, mostly men, undergoing residential treatment for methamphetamine use disorder (30).…”

Section: Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, 4-weeks of aerobic exercise improved basic fitness in men and women with concurrent cocaine and tobacco-use disorder (26), and 8-weeks of endurance/resistance-exercise improved fitness in individuals, mostly men, undergoing residential treatment for methamphetamine use disorder (30). These studies have also demonstrated that exercise-based interventions are well-received and feasible within residential- and outpatient-treatment settings (27–33,59), and result in physiological changes that may enhance recovery (26,29–33). …”

Section: Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies in male and female smokers further suggest the potential for exercise to prevent relapse and improve treatment outcomes when combined with other smoking cessation treatments (21–25). Although few controlled trials have been conducted on exercise as a relapse intervention for other drugs of abuse, several recent pilot studies conducted in individuals, mostly men, undergoing treatment for substance use disorder demonstrate its feasibility and potential efficacy (26–33). Similar findings have been reported in male and female laboratory animals with results showing that exercise during abstinence, such as voluntary running in a wheel or forced running on a treadmill, reduces drug withdrawal signs (34–40), including craving (41–43), and prevents the development of incubation of drug-craving (44–52), an animal model of relapse defined by a progressive increase in drug-craving over abstinence (53).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise as a Sex-Specific Treatment for Substance Use Disorder

et al. 2017

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Purpose of Review Exercise is a promising treatment for substance use disorder that may reduce withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. In this review, we discuss recent evidence from clinical and preclinical studies for its efficacy, from a behavioral to a molecular level, in order to understand the exercise conditions that lead to beneficial effects. We also highlight the few recent findings of sex-specific differences. Recent Findings Clinical and preclinical findings show that exercise decreases withdrawal symptoms, including craving, in both males and females. Evidence from clinical studies support the efficacy of exercise to prevent relapse to smoking, although further research is needed to examine sex differences, establish long-term efficacy, and to determine if effects extend to other substance use disorders. Preclinical findings also support the potential utility of exercise to prevent relapse with evidence suggesting that its efficacy is enhanced in males, and mediated by blocking drug-induced adaptations that occur during early abstinence. Summary Sex differences and timing of exercise availability during abstinence should be considered in future studies examining exercise as an intervention for relapse. A better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the efficacy of exercise to reduce withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse is needed to guide its development as a sex-specific treatment.

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Section: Overview Of Clinical Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Overview Of Clinical Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise as a Sex-Specific Treatment for Substance Use Disorder

et al. 2017

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Aerobic exercise as a promising nonpharmacological therapy for the treatment of substance use disorders

Marrero-Cristobal

Gelpi-Dominguez

Morales-Silva

et al. 2021

J of Neuroscience Research

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Substance use disorder (SUD) is a complex condition that involves the induction of molecular and physiological alterations by the use and abuse of illicit substances. The prevalence of illicit drug use has caused this disorder to grow exponentially over the past 5 years (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2020). To date, there are several FDA-approved pharmacological treatments for substances that may cause dependency, such as heroin, morphine, alcohol, and nicotine, directed to the attenuation of drug craving, and increase time to relapse. Known as medication-assisted treatment, such FDA-approved pharmaceutical interventions can be used to increase the effectiveness of other substance abuse treatments, including the use of buprenorphine (commonly used in opioid use disorder, OUD).Buprenorphine works as a partial agonist that binds to the opioid receptors in the brain, allowing a partial activation of the receptor when it is activated with opioids, and thus reducing the rewarding effects (James & Williams, 2020). Another FDA-approved treatment for OUD is naloxone, a known opioid receptor antagonist that reduces activation and prevents other endogenous ligands to bind to that receptor (Becker & Chartoff, 2019;James & Williams, 2020). These types of pharmacological treatments are still not available for substances such as cocaine, methamphetamines, or cannabis which limit treatment options. The percentage cocaine users aged

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Mechanisms underlying the efficacy of exercise as an intervention for cocaine relapse: a focus on mGlu5 in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex

et al. 2019

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Rationale-Exercise shows promise as a treatment option for addiction, but in order to prevent relapse, it may need to be introduced early in the course of treatment. Objective-We propose that exercise, by upregulating dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC)nucleus accumbens (NAc) transmission, offsets deficits in pathways targeting glutamate, BDNF, and dopamine during early abstinence, and in doing so, normalizes neuroadaptations that underlie relapse. Methods-We compared the effects of exercise (wheel-running, 2-hr/day) during early (days 1-7), late (days 8-14), and throughout abstinence (days 1-14) to sedentary conditions on cocaineseeking and gene expression in the dmPFC and NAc core of male rats tested following 24-hr/day extended-access cocaine (up to 96 infusions/day) or saline self-administration and protracted abstinence (15 days). Based on these data, we then used site-specific manipulation to determine whether dmPFC metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGlu5) underlies the efficacy of exercise. Results-Exercise initiated during early, but not late abstinence, reduced cocaine-seeking; this effect was strongly associated with dmPFC Grm5 expression (gene encoding mGlu5), and modestly associated with dmPFC Grin1 and Bdnf-IV expression. Activation of mGlu5 in the dmPFC during early abstinence mimicked the efficacy of early-initiated exercise; however, inhibition of these receptors prior to the exercise sessions did not block its efficacy indicating that there may be redundancy in the mechanisms through which exercise reduces cocaine-seeking. Conclusion-These findings indicate that addiction treatments, including exercise, should be tailored for early versus late phases of abstinence since their effectiveness will vary over abstinence due to the dynamic nature of the underlying neuroadaptations.

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Treadmill exercise improves fitness and reduces craving and use of cocaine in individuals with concurrent cocaine and tobacco-use disorder

Cited by 39 publications

References 34 publications

Exercise as a Sex-Specific Treatment for Substance Use Disorder

Exercise as a Sex-Specific Treatment for Substance Use Disorder

Aerobic exercise as a promising nonpharmacological therapy for the treatment of substance use disorders

Mechanisms underlying the efficacy of exercise as an intervention for cocaine relapse: a focus on mGlu5 in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex

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