“…Given the applicability of constraints to travel behavior, several studies have applied constraint models to tourism (e.g., Gao & Kerstetter, 2016;Hung & Petrick, 2010;Kazeminia, Del Chiappa, & Jafari, 2015). The efficacy of the HCM, as the most widely used model of its kind, has been tested in numerous tourism settings including cruise tourism (Hung & Petrick, 2010), nature-oriented tourism (Fredman & Heberlein, 2005;Nyaupane & Andereck, 2008), event tourism (Kim & Chalip, 2004), dark tourism (Zhang, Yang, Zheng, & Zhang, 2016), and with travelers with disabilities (Tao, Goh & Huang, 2019).…”