Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students

Cardona, Erika Yohanna Bedoya; Ruiz, S.; Córdoba, Alexander Severo; Rendón, Gabriel David; Ruíz, Gabriel Ignacio; Gómez, Germán

doi:10.5944/rppc.25786

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The CST-S has shown adequate internal consistency (α = .85), and test-retest stability (.95 in 4 weeks), and predictive, convergent, and divergent validity in several different studies (e.g., Bedoya et al, 2020 ; Eltan, 2019 ; Head et al, 2012 ; Kira et al, 2018 ; Kira et al, 2019a , b ; Kira et al, 2020a , b , c ; Kira, Fawzi, & Fawzi, 2013b ; Robles et al, 2009 ). The measure has been translated and validated into several languages, including Arabic, Polish, Spanish, Turkish, Korean, Burmese, and Yoruba.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The effects of epidemics such as SARS, MERS, and Ebola, which are lesser in scope and time scale and more controllable than pandemics, found to have severe neuropsychiatric effects and are associated with PTSD, depression, and anxiety (see for review and meta-analysis, Rogers et al, 2020 ). The impact of one of the COVID-19 stressor types or their cumulative impact can have severe mental health and cognitive sequels (For meta-analyses of the mental health impact of lockdown stressors, see, e.g., Brooks et al, 2020 , Di Blasi et al, 2021 ; for the impact on loss of life and related prolonged grief, see, e.g., Eisma et al, 2020 ; Eisma et al, 2021 ; Lee & Neimeyer, 2020 ; Mayland et al, 2020 ; and for meta-analyses of the impact of the pandemic-related economic stressors on mental health and socioeconomic hierarchies, e.g., Bedoya et al, 2020 ; Farmer et al, 2020 ; Kira et al, 2020a , b , c , Shuwiekh et al, 2020 ). It also included the effects of COVID-19 fear of infection (e.g., Şimşir et al, 2021 ); and the adverse effects of CIVID-19 on cognition and executive functions (working memory and inhibition deficits) (see Kira et al, 2021a , b ; Rogers et al, 2020 ; Zhou et al, 2020 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Impact of COVID-19 Traumatic Stressors on Mental Health: Is COVID-19 a New Trauma Type

Kira

Shuwiekh

Ashby

et al. 2021

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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COVID-19 is a new type of trauma that has never been conceptually or empirically analyzed in our discipline. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 as traumatic stress on mental health after controlling for individuals’ previous stressors and traumas. We utilized a sample of (N = 1374) adults from seven Arab countries. We used an anonymous online questionnaire that included measures for COVID-19 traumatic stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and cumulative stressors and traumas. We conducted hierarchical multiple regression, with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety as dependent variables. In the first step, in each analysis, we entered the country, gender, age, religion, education, and income as independent variables (Kira, Traumatology 7(2):73–86, 2001; Kira, Torture, 14:38–44, 2004; Kira, Traumatology, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000305). In the second step, we entered cumulative stressors and traumas as an independent variable. In the third step, we entered either COVID-19 traumatic stressors or one of its subtypes (fears of infection, economic, and lockdown) as an independent variable. Finally, we conducted structural equation modeling with PTSD, depression, and anxiety as predictors of the latent variable mental health and COVID-19 as the independent variable. Results indicated that COVID-19 traumatic stressors, and each of its three subtypes, were unique predictors of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Thus, COVID-19 is a new type of traumatic stress that has serious mental health effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-021-00577-0.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of COVID-19 Traumatic Stressors on Mental Health: Is COVID-19 a New Trauma Type

Kira

Shuwiekh

Ashby

et al. 2021

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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“…However, in the present study, we used only trauma occurrence (whether a trauma had occurred for a participant) and frequency, measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale (0 = never; 5 = many times). The CST-S has shown adequate internal consistency (α = .85), and test-retest stability (.95 in 4 weeks), and predictive, convergent, and divergent validity in several different studies (e.g., Bedoya et al, 2020 ; Eltan, 2019 ; Head, Singh, & Bugg, 2012 ; Kira et al, 2018a ; Kira et al, 2019b ; Kira, Barger, Shuwiekh, Kucharska, & Al-Huwailah, 2019a ; Kira, Barger, Shuwiekh, Kucharska, & Al-Huwailah, 2020a ; Kira, Fawzi, & Fawzi, 2013b ; Robles, Badosa, Roig, Pina, & Feixas Viaplana, 2009 ). The measure has been translated and validated in several languages, including Arabic, Polish, Spanish, Turkish, Korean, Burmese, and Yoruba.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The differential mental health impact of COVID-19 in Arab countries

et al. 2020

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COVID-19 pandemic’s mental health impact on Arab countries is under-researched. The goal of this investigation was to study the differential impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of Arab countries. A questionnaire including measures of COVID-19 traumatic stress, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and cumulative stressors and trauma was distributed anonymously online in seven Arab countries (Egypt ( N = 255), Kuwait ( N = 442), Jordan ( N = 216), Saudi Arabia ( N = 212, Algeria ( N = 110), Iraq and Palestine ( N = 139)). We used ANOVA and stepwise regression to analyze the data. For each country, regression, PTSD, depression, and anxiety were dependent variables; we entered in the first-step, gender, age, religion, education, and income. In the second step, we entered “cumulative stressors and traumas.” In the third step, we entered COVID-19 traumatic stress. The ANOVA results indicated that the differences in COVID19 traumatic stress, PTSD, depression, and anxiety between the countries were significant. Post-hoc analysis indicated that Egypt is significantly higher than all the other Arab countries in COVID-19 traumatic stress, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. The subsample from Palestine and Iraq had a significantly higher cumulative trauma load than the other Arab countries but did not have higher levels of COVID-19 traumatic stress or PTSD. Stepwise regression indicated that COVID-19 traumatic stress accounted for significant variance above and beyond the variance accounted for by previous cumulative stressors and traumas for anxiety in all countries and PTSD and depression in all countries except for Algeria. We discussed the implications for these results for the urgent mental health needs of Arab countries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12144-020-01148-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The CST-S total scale has shown adequate internal consistency (a ¼ .85) (Kira et al, 2008, Kira, Fawzi, & Fawzi, 2013, and test-retest stability (.95 in 4 weeks), and predictive, convergent and divergent validity. The CST-S internal consistency, predictive, convergent and divergent validity were replicated in different studies (e.g., Bedoya et al, 2020;Eltan, 2019;Head et al, 2012;Kira, Barger, et al, 2019;Kira, Barger, et al, 2020;Kira, Fawzi, & Fawzi, 2013;Kira, Fawzi, et al, 2019;. The measure has been translated and validated into different languages, including Arabic, Polish, Spanish, Turkish, Korean, Burmese, and Yoruba.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 82%

The direct and indirect impact of trauma types and cumulative stressors and traumas on executive functions

Kira

Shuweikh

Al-Huwailiah

et al. 2020

Applied Neuropsychology: Adult

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The goal was to measure the effects of trauma types, cumulative trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), existential annihilation anxiety (EAA), and posttraumatic growth (PTG) on executive functions. The study sample consists of 1155 from Egypt and Kuwait. Measures included adults working memory deficits (WMD) and inhibition deficits (ID), and cumulative stressors and traumas (CST) and trauma types, PTSD, EAA, and PTG. We used Stepwise regression and PROCESS macro to analyze the data. Results indicated that survival and cumulative traumas have direct effects on a lower WMD and ID, attachment traumas and gender discrimination by parents have direct impacts on higher WMD and ID, while personal identity, status identity, secondary trauma, gender discrimination by society, community violence do not have any direct effects on WMD or ID. All traumas have indirect effects on higher WMD or/and ID via PTSD. Gender discrimination by society, community violence, and CST has an additional indirect higher impact on WMD and ID via EAA. There were indirect trajectories from survival trauma, personal identity, status identity trauma, secondary trauma, gender discrimination by society, and CST on lower WMD or/and ID via PTG. Attachment trauma, gender discrimination by parents, perpetration traumas, and community violence were not associated with PTG and its trajectories of lower WMD or/and ID. We discussed the research and clinical implication for these results.

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Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students

Cited by 6 publications

References 50 publications

The Impact of COVID-19 Traumatic Stressors on Mental Health: Is COVID-19 a New Trauma Type

The Impact of COVID-19 Traumatic Stressors on Mental Health: Is COVID-19 a New Trauma Type

The differential mental health impact of COVID-19 in Arab countries

The direct and indirect impact of trauma types and cumulative stressors and traumas on executive functions

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