Traumatic brain injury and resultant pituitary dysfunction: insights from experimental animal models

Vennekens, Annelies; Vankelecom, Hugo

doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00961-z

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In research on mechanical trauma, it is necessary to first establish an animal model of mechanical trauma. At present, there are mainly two kinds of trauma models used in experiments: one is the local directional trauma model, which is mainly used for brain injury (Katz and Molina, 2018;Vennekens and Vankelecom, 2019), and the other is the non-directional trauma model (Noble and Collip, 1942;Tao et al, 2005), such as the systemic mechanical trauma model designed in this paper. This form of trauma triggers secondary injury of important organs of the body, such as cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which has been published in our previous research (Li et al, 2007a,b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Non-directional Mechanical Trauma on Gastrointestinal Tract Injury in Rats

et al. 2021

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Mechanical trauma can (MT) cause secondary injury, such as cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction has been reported. However, the effects of mechanical trauma on gastrointestinal tract is unclear. This study aims to observe the main location and time of gastrointestinal tract injury caused by non-directional trauma and explain the reason of the increase of LPS in blood caused by mechanical injury. Morphological changes in the stomach, ileum and cecum at different time points after MT were observed in this experiment. The results reveal that the injury to the cecal mucosa in the rats was more obvious than that in the ileum and the stomach. The cecal epithelial cell junction was significantly widened at 20 min after MT, and the plasma LPS and D-lactic acid concentrations increased significantly at the same time point. In addition, some bacterial structures in the widened intercellular space and near the capillary wall of the cecal mucosa were detected at 12 h after MT. This finding suggests that the main reason for the increase in LPS in plasma after MT is cecal mucosal injury. This study is important for the early intervention of the gastrointestinal tract to prevent secondary injury after MT.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Non-directional Mechanical Trauma on Gastrointestinal Tract Injury in Rats

et al. 2021

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“…TBI is increasingly recognized as an important cause of hypopituitarism with drop in hormone levels (especially GH and ACTH), possibly due to damage to the pituitary tissue, either directly or through hypothalamic or vascular impacts (104,105). It has been found that hormone serum levels in TBI patients may restore after several (3 to 36) months (104,(106)(107)(108).…”

Section: Pituitary Stem Cells Following Injury In the Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been found that hormone serum levels in TBI patients may restore after several (3 to 36) months (104,(106)(107)(108). Whether this recovery is due to compensatory behavior of the remaining pituitary cells or the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, to regained pituitary cell functionality, or to repair of the pituitary insult with new cell formation to replace damaged and destroyed cells, is not known (104,105). Further in-depth investigation of the pituitary cell landscape upon TBI, for instance using scRNA-seq analysis, is expected to provide deeper insight into (stem) cell reaction and possible repair, and into TBI-induced hypopituitarism, which may eventually lead to new approaches to clinically deal with this prevalent endocrine deficiency condition.…”

Section: Pituitary Stem Cells Following Injury In the Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pituitary Remodeling Throughout Life: Are Resident Stem Cells Involved?

2021

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The pituitary gland has the primordial ability to dynamically adapt its cell composition to changing hormonal needs of the organism throughout life. During the first weeks after birth, an impressive growth and maturation phase is occurring in the gland during which the distinct hormonal cell populations expand. During pubertal growth and development, growth hormone (GH) levels need to peak which requires an adaptive enterprise in the GH-producing somatotrope population. At aging, pituitary function wanes which is associated with organismal decay including the somatopause in which GH levels drop. In addition to these key time points of life, the pituitary’s endocrine cell landscape plastically adapts during specific (patho-)physiological conditions such as lactation (need for PRL) and stress (engagement of ACTH). Particular resilience is witnessed after physical injury in the (murine) gland, culminating in regeneration of destroyed cell populations. In many other tissues, adaptive and regenerative processes involve the local stem cells. Over the last 15 years, evidence has accumulated that the pituitary gland houses a resident stem cell compartment. Recent studies propose their involvement in at least some of the cell remodeling processes that occur in the postnatal pituitary but support is still fragmentary and not unequivocal. Many questions remain unsolved such as whether the stem cells are key players in the vivid neonatal growth phase and whether the decline in pituitary function at old age is associated with decreased stem cell fitness. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms of pituitary plasticity, in particular the stem cell-linked ones, are still largely unknown. Pituitary research heavily relies on transgenic in vivo mouse models. While having proven their value, answers to pituitary stem cell-focused questions may more diligently come from a novel powerful in vitro research model, termed organoids, which grow from pituitary stem cells and recapitulate stem cell phenotype and activation status. In this review, we describe pituitary plasticity conditions and summarize what is known on the involvement and phenotype of pituitary stem cells during these pituitary remodeling events.

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“…In experimental models, resultant stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis within the pituitary stalk by trauma or an enlarged sella turcica and a subsequent increase in the plasma ACTH level have been proposed. 15 Likewise, the patient’s plasma ACTH level did not show a normal circadian rhythm, while the levels of other hormones within the pituitary axis (human growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and cortisol) were in the normal range in this case. Further research efforts are needed to determine the exact pathomechanism underlying the association between sellar spine and possible pituitary hyperfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Incidentally detected sellar spine in a patient with Cushing’s syndrome: a case report

Lee

Baek

et al. 2020

J Int Med Res

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Sellar spine, a bony spur extending anteriorly from the dorsum sellae, is a very rare anatomical variant. Several hypotheses regarding its etiology have been proposed, including the strongly supported theory of a cephalic ossified notochordal remnant. Sellar spine is usually detected incidentally in patients who have no definite symptoms, but several cases have reportedly accompanied endocrinopathies such as precocious puberty, hypopituitarism, or galactorrhea/oligomenorrhea. However, no published reports have described sellar spine in a patient with Cushing’s syndrome. We herein report a case of sellar spine detected during the evaluation of Cushing’s disease in a 29-year-old woman who underwent inferior petrosal sinus sampling, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and exploratory surgery. There was no evidence of a pituitary microadenoma, but a sellar spine was present in the operative field. Thus, the sellar spine might have caused Cushing’s syndrome in this case, although the exact mechanism is unknown.

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Traumatic brain injury and resultant pituitary dysfunction: insights from experimental animal models

Cited by 9 publications

References 36 publications

Effects of Non-directional Mechanical Trauma on Gastrointestinal Tract Injury in Rats

Effects of Non-directional Mechanical Trauma on Gastrointestinal Tract Injury in Rats

Pituitary Remodeling Throughout Life: Are Resident Stem Cells Involved?

Incidentally detected sellar spine in a patient with Cushing’s syndrome: a case report

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