Trapping, Investigation and Reconstitution of Flower Scents

Kaiser, Roman

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3826-0_7

Cited by 41 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…(E)-DMNT is a common constitutively produced floral terpene (Kaiser, 1991;Azuma et al, 1997) and is also induced in response to herbivore damage of foliage in gymnosperms (Su et al, 2009) and in many monocot and dicot angiosperm plant species (Bouwmeester et al, 1999;Arimura et al, 2000Arimura et al, , 2008Degenhardt and Gershenzon, 2000;Kant et al, 2004;Lee et al, 2010). However, (E)-DMNT is not generally detected from undamaged or mechanically damaged foliage.…”

Section: Discussion Volatile Terpene Production In CV Royal Gala Appementioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Genomics Reveals That a Compact Terpene Synthase Gene Family Can Account for Terpene Volatile Production in Apple

et al. 2012

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Terpenes are specialized plant metabolites that act as attractants to pollinators and as defensive compounds against pathogens and herbivores, but they also play an important role in determining the quality of horticultural food products. We show that the genome of cultivated apple (Malus domestica) contains 55 putative terpene synthase (TPS) genes, of which only 10 are predicted to be functional. This low number of predicted functional TPS genes compared with other plant species was supported by the identification of only eight potentially functional TPS enzymes in apple 'Royal Gala' expressed sequence tag databases, including the previously characterized apple (E,E)-a-farnesene synthase. In planta functional characterization of these TPS enzymes showed that they could account for the majority of terpene volatiles produced in cv Royal Gala, including the sesquiterpenes germacrene-D and (E)-b-caryophyllene, the monoterpenes linalool and a-pinene, and the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Relative expression analysis of the TPS genes indicated that floral and vegetative tissues were the primary sites of terpene production in cv Royal Gala. However, production of cv Royal Gala floral-specific terpenes and TPS genes was observed in the fruit of some heritage apple cultivars. Our results suggest that the apple TPS gene family has been shaped by a combination of ancestral and more recent genome-wide duplication events. The relatively small number of functional enzymes suggests that the remaining terpenes produced in floral and vegetative and fruit tissues are maintained under a positive selective pressure, while the small number of terpenes found in the fruit of modern cultivars may be related to commercial breeding strategies.

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Section: Discussion Volatile Terpene Production In CV Royal Gala Appementioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Genomics Reveals That a Compact Terpene Synthase Gene Family Can Account for Terpene Volatile Production in Apple

et al. 2012

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“…The introduction of gas chromatography in the 1960s was a key step towards better characterizing essential oils for their constituents and odoriferous ingredients. The investigation of raw materials and, if needed, the reconstitutions of flower scents has greatly gained from the advancements of analytical techniques and ultimately allowed the application of headspace techniques for the investigation and subsequent reconstitution of all sorts of natural scents (Kaiser 1991). The identification of the first new natural products by this new analytical approach goes back to 1978-1979 and has been reported almost 30 years ago (Kaiser and Lamparsky 1980) when several oximes were described.…”

Section: Natural Scentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of odors in the fragrance industry

et al. 2009

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Scents form the basis for the fragrance industry and various research activities have been developed in different scientific disciplines all being linked by a common interest in odors and odor perception. In this paper, four different topics have been selected for a short discussion. Following a short overview on the history of perfumery, the first topic (Natural scents) is providing some insight into the investigation of natural scents and how this work has strongly stimulated fragrance creation as well as the quest to find new odoriferous substances for the perfumer's palette. The second subject (Fragrance chemistry) gives a historical overview over the chemistry of fragrances and briefly describes the rational behind the synthesis and composition of new scents. Body odors and their biochemical formation concern the third topic (Body odor biochemistry) which describes our current understanding of this scientifically interesting field and how knowledge may find use to improve future deodorant products. The fourth subject (Olfactory mechanisms) deals with the biochemistry in the human nose when odorants are activating olfactory receptors and enzymes appear to rapidly metabolize the inhaled odorous stimuli. This review does not attempt to be comprehensive, but it describes selected successes in the fragrance industry and the motivation behind conducting various types of research. Ultimately, the activities are aiming to bring new ingredients onto the market and improve the quality of scented products but also to advance our understanding of the power of communication through fragrance.

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“…We have shown that the strong, sweet fragrance of C. breweri consists of some 8 to 12 different volatiles that fall into two groups: monoterpenoids and benzenoids (Raguso and Pichersky, 1994). A major component of the scent is linalool, an acyclic monoterpene common to the floral scents of numerous other plant species (Kaiser, 1991;Knudsen et al, 1993). Two cyclic isomers of linalool oxide are also produced by C. breweri (Fig.…”

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confidence: 98%

“…Most of these compounds are either terpenoids, benzenoid compounds, or acyl lipid derivatives (Croteau and Karp, 1991). Although perfumers still survey natural sources for novel fragrance compounds (Joulain, 1987;Kaiser, 1991), this information is most often used in directing organic syntheses to imitate natural fragrances or create new combinations. Thus, although the structures of many floral scent compounds are known, very few studies have focused on the biosyntheses of these compounds in the plant cell.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Floral Scent Production in Clarkia (Onagraceae) (I. Localization and Developmental Modulation of Monoterpene Emission and Linalool Synthase Activity)

et al. 1994

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The flowers of many plants emit volatile compounds as a means of attracting pollinators. We have previously shown that the strong, sweet fragrance of CIarkia breweri (Onagraceae), an annual plant native to California, consists of approximately 8 to 12 volatile compounds-three monoterpenes and nine benzoate derivatives (R.A. Raguso and E. Pichersky [1994] Plant Syst Evol [in press]). Here we report that the monoterpene alcohol linalool is synthesized and emitted mostly by petals but to a lesser extent also by the pistil and stamens. Two linalool oxides are produced and emitted almost exclusively by the pistil. These three monoterpenes are first discernible in mature unopened buds, and their tissue levels are highest during the first 2 to 3 d after anthesis. levels of emission by the different floral parts throughout the life span of the flower were correlated with levels of these monoterpenes in the respective tissues, suggesting that these monoterpenes are emitted soon after their synthesis. Activity of linalool synthase, an enzyme that converts the ubiquitous CIO isoprenoid intermediate geranyl pyrophosphate to linalool, was highest in petals, the organ that emits most of the linalool. However, linalool synthase activity on a fresh weight basis was highest in stigma and style (i.e. the pistil). Most of the linalool produced in the pistil is apparently converted into linalool oxides. lower levels (0.1%) of monoterpene emission and linalool synthase activity are found in the stigma of Clarkia concha, a nonscented relative of C. breweri, suggesting that monoterpenes may have other functions in the flower in addition to attracting pollinators. ~ Flowers of many plants attract pollinators by producing and emitting volatile compounds. The scent emitted by such flowers is often a complex mixture of low mol wt compounds, and the relative abundances and interactions of the constituents give the flower its particular characteristic fragrance. Floral scents have been demonstrated to function as longand short-distance attractants and nectar guides to a variety '

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Trapping, Investigation and Reconstitution of Flower Scents

Cited by 41 publications

References 40 publications

Functional Genomics Reveals That a Compact Terpene Synthase Gene Family Can Account for Terpene Volatile Production in Apple

Functional Genomics Reveals That a Compact Terpene Synthase Gene Family Can Account for Terpene Volatile Production in Apple

Investigation of odors in the fragrance industry

Floral Scent Production in Clarkia (Onagraceae) (I. Localization and Developmental Modulation of Monoterpene Emission and Linalool Synthase Activity)

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