“…Laparoscopy has been successfully performed in small ruminants for a variety of applications including intrauterine artificial insemination (Gourley and Riese, 1990), ovum collection (Graff et al, 1999;Baldassarre et al, 2002), nephrectomy (Sanchez-Margallo et al, 2012), cystotomy (Franz et al, 2008), and ovariectomy (Teixeira et al, 2011). Advantages include less surgical trauma, improved cosmetic results, better intra-operative visualization, and decreased surgical time, patient convalescence and pain, all of which increase efficiency and minimize medical costs (Gourley and Riese, 1990;Baldassarre et al, 2002;SanchezMargallo et al, 2012).…”