Transrectal ultrasonography and plasma progestin profiles identifies feto-placental compromise in mares with experimentally induced placentitis

Morris, Steffani; Kelleman, Audrey A.; Stawicki, R.; Hansen, Peter J.; Sheerin, P.; Sheerin, Barbara R.; Paccamonti, Dale L.; LeBlanc, Michelle M.

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.05.021

Cited by 57 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Our results showing that bacterial infection had less of an effect on FGR than fungal infection is in accordance with a previous report [22]. Bacterial infections which have been studied about examinations [5, 10, 11, 19] or treatments [6] as ascending placentitis did not significantly restrict CRL but did restrict BW. For evaluating fetal growth, soft tissue indices that can evaluate weight loss, such as the transverse trunk diameter, may be more useful than skeletal indices, such as the biparietal diameter or eye orbit.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015

Murase

Miyazawa

Harada

et al. 2017

JES

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The degree of fetal growth restriction has been unclear in equine reproduction. In this study, 2,195 fetuses from 2,137 abortions during 11 seasons were examined to determine the causes of abortion, and fetal size dimensions (crown rump length and body weight) were measured. In total, 900 cases (42.1%) of abortion were identified as caused by viral infection (215, 10.1%), bacterial infection (156, 7.3%), fungal infection (25, 1.2%), circulation failure (406, 19.0%), multiple causes (66, 3.1%), deformity (13, 0.6%), placental abnormality (12, 0.6%), and other causes (7, 0.3%). All viral infections originated from equine herpes virus. Of all abortions, 94.3% occurred between 181–360 days of pregnancy, and the gestational ages at abortion were different based on the causes. Fetal sizes in viral abortions were considerably larger than those due to other reasons. Compared with viral infection, the crown rump length size dimension of fetuses aborted from multiple and fungal infection was affected. In addition, bacterial infection, circulation failure, and unknown causes of abortions also contributed to growth restriction in terms of body weight. In conclusion, the present study showed details of equine abortion and the relationships between causes of abortion and fetal size. Most of the aborted fetuses showed restrictions in their growth. The manifestations of growth restriction were more related to weight than skeletal length.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015

Murase

Miyazawa

Harada

et al. 2017

JES

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“…A total of 94 mares exhibited normal gestation and healthy foals, while 13 mares had abnormal gestations (five aborted and eight gave birth to a weak foal or suffered stillbirth). Following the approach of Morris et al (2007), no foeto-placental compromise was defined as delivery of a healthy foal and no gross signs of placentitis, while foeto-placental compromise was defined as birth of a non-viable, premature or dysmature foetus, or clear signs of placentitis.…”

Section: Materials and Methods Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It may be associated with an early birth, the birth of a weak foal or abortion, and harmed mares often have difficulty in conceiving during the following breeding season . To determine whether there is any risk of foetal loss, endocrine profiling (Rossdale et al, 1991;Stawicki et al, 2002;Morris et al, 2007) and transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography Bucca et al, 2005;Carrick et al, 2010;Löf et al, 2010) are frequently used, and are reported during late gestation, at around 8-10 months. Bailey et al (2012) also compared the ability of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography to detect ascending placentitis in pony mares with experimentally induced disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transrectal ultrasonographic measurements of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta in Spanish Purebred mares

Requena¹,

Agüera²,

Requena³

et al. 2017

Anim Reprod

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The present study was conducted to establish the normal values of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) in Spanish Purebred mares during late pregnancy. A total of 107 mares were examined at 210, 240, 270 and 300 days of gestation, of which 13 had abnormal gestations (foetal death, abortion or stillbirth). In mares with healthy foals, CTUP measurements showed significant differences (P < 0.0001) at the various gestational ages (4.83 ± 0.59 mm, 6.12 ± 0.60 mm, 7.41 ± 0.61 mm and 10.45 ± 0.92 mm at 210, 240, 270 and 300 days, respectively). A high positive correlation was observed between CTUP and gestational age (r = 0.923; P < 0.001). In mares with abnormal gestation, CTUP measurements were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than in healthy gestations at day 270 (8.89 vs. 7.41 mm) and day 300 (14.17 vs. 10.45 mm). The age of the mare, fertilization time, type of semen and gestation length did not affect the CTUP. The results obtained suggest that the cut-off point for detecting abnormal pregnancies in Spanish Purebred mares is 7.75 mm on day 270 and 12.7 mm on day 300. The authors find that the incidence of placental thickness enlargement in the late gestation of Spanish Purebred is 14%, and a transrectal ultrasonographic examination is highly advisable at 270 days of gestation. Such timely placental assessment could reveal otherwise undetected disorders, thereby enabling early and proper treatments to be administered to prevent foetal loss.

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“…Furthermore, most of the initial studies were confined to the late gestational mare, and there is a relative paucity of data on assessment of the equine fetus at different stages of development [10]. For example, the diagnosis and treatment of ascending placentitis, which is one of the major causes of equine infectious abortion [14, 18], have recently been researched [4, 20, 21, 25]. Ultrasonography is an excellent tool for monitoring fetal and placental changes in mares affected by placentitis [37].…”

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confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Equine Fetal Growth Throughout Gestation in Normal Mares Using a Convex Transducer

Murase

Endo

Tsuchiya³

et al. 2014

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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It has not been common to perform regular ultrasound examination of the fetus in equine practice, due to the increasing volume of the uterus caused by fetal development. The convex three-dimensional transducer is bulb-shaped and is able to observe wide areas. In addition, its operation is simple, making it easy to create appropriate angles for various indices using a transrectal approach. The aim of this study was to measure Thoroughbred fetal growth indices throughout gestation using a convex transducer and to clarify the detectable period of some indices for clinical use. We demonstrated changes in fetal indices, such as crown rump length (CRL), fetal heart rate (FHR), fetal eye and kidney and the combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP). CTUP increased from 30 weeks of gestation, and FHR peaked at 8 weeks and then decreased to term. CRL could be observed until 13 weeks due to its wide angle, longer than in previous reports. Fetal eye and kidney could be observed from 10 and 28 weeks, respectively, and these increased with pregnancy progress. The present results showed the advantage of transrectal examination using a convex transducer for evaluation of normal fetal development. Although ultrasonographic examination in mid- to late-gestation is not common in equine reproductive practice, our comprehensive results would be a useful basis for equine pregnancy examination.

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Transrectal ultrasonography and plasma progestin profiles identifies feto-placental compromise in mares with experimentally induced placentitis

Cited by 57 publications

References 16 publications

Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015

Aborted fetal sizes of Thoroughbred horses in Hidaka, Japan, between 2005 and 2015

Transrectal ultrasonographic measurements of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta in Spanish Purebred mares

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Equine Fetal Growth Throughout Gestation in Normal Mares Using a Convex Transducer

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