TransPrEP: Results from the Pilot Study of a Social Network-Based Intervention to Support PrEP Adherence Among Transgender Women in Lima, Peru

Clark, Jesse L.; Reisner, Sari L.; Perez-Brumer, Amaya; Huerta, Leyla; Sánchez, Hugo; Moriarty, Kathleen; Luque, Maria Mamani; Okochi, Hideaki; Salazar, Ximena; Mimiaga, Matthew J.; Sánchez, Jorge; Gandhi, Monica; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Lama, Javier R.

doi:10.1007/s10461-020-03117-4

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In our analysis, less than half of TGW (47.6%) remained engaged in PrEP over the year of follow‐up, lower than observed for MSM included in the ImPrEP study ( p <0.001) [ 52 ] and reflecting long‐term PrEP engagement among TGW in past studies [ 31 , 36 ]. Long‐term PrEP engagement was lower in Mexico, while complete self‐reported PrEP adherence was lower in Peru, indicating gaps in PrEP services in these settings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Peru and Mexico have adopted trans‐specific guidelines for care [ 37 , 53 ], but the promises of services tailored to the needs of TGW remain a goal rather than a reality. More than half of TGW (49/89, 55%) enrolled in a Peruvian study to provide support for PrEP users were lost to follow‐up in a short period (3 months) [ 36 ]. In Brazil, high retention (111/130, 85%) was observed in the PrEParadas study, a PrEP demonstration study designed for TGW, including gender‐affirming care environment implemented at the study site and TGW peer‐educators [ 39 ]; nonetheless, PrEP adherence decreased over time, especially among TGW with lower education [ 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, few TGW have been engaged in HIV prevention services [ 5 , 30 ] or PrEP studies [ 31 ], hindering the possibility of meaningful analysis [ 32 ], despite high willingness to use PrEP [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. In addition, PrEP studies have shown low PrEP continuation among TGW [ 36 ]. Research has highlighted the need for PrEP programmes to specifically address the needs of trans populations, including TGW [ 31 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors associated with long‐term HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis engagement and adherence among transgender women in Brazil, Mexico and Peru: results from the ImPrEP study

et al. 2022

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Introduction The HIV epidemic continues to disproportionately impact Latin‐American transgender women (TGW). We assessed factors associated with long‐term pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) engagement and adherence among TGW enrolled in the Implementation of PrEP (ImPrEP) study, the largest PrEP demonstration study in Latin America. Methods HIV‐negative TGW aged ≥18 years reporting 1+eligibility criteria in the 6 months prior to enrolment (e.g. sex partner known to be living with HIV, condomless anal sex [CAS], transactional sex or having a sexually transmitted infection [STI]) who could safely take PrEP were enrolled. Follow‐up visits were conducted at 4 weeks and then quarterly. We conducted logistic regression to identify factors associated with long‐term PrEP engagement (3+ follow‐up visits in 52 weeks) and complete self‐reported adherence (no missed pills in the past 30 days) during follow‐up. For both outcomes, we constructed multivariable models controlling for country, socio‐demographics, sexual behaviour, substance use, STIs and self‐reported adherence at 4 weeks (long‐term engagement outcome only). Results From March 2018 to June 2021, ImPrEP screened 519 TGW, enrolled 494 (Brazil: 190, Mexico: 66 and Peru: 238) and followed them for 52 weeks. At baseline, 27.5% of TGW were aged 18–24 years, 67.8% were mixed‐race and 31.6% had >secondary education. Most, 89.9% reported CAS, 61.9% had >10 sex partners and 71.9% reported transactional sex. HIV incidence was 1.82 cases per 100 person‐years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76–4.38). Almost half of TGW (48.6%) had long‐term PrEP engagement, which was positively associated with reporting complete adherence at week 4 (aOR:2.94 [95%CI:1.88–4.63]) and was inversely associated with reporting CAS with unknown‐HIV partner (aOR:0.52 [95%CI:0.34–0.81]), migration (aOR:0.54 [95%CI:0.34–0.84]), and being from Mexico (aOR:0.28 [95%CI:0.14–0.53]). Self‐reported adherence was associated with TGW aged >34 (aOR:1.61 [95%CI:1.10–2.34]) compared to those aged 25–34 and those with >secondary education (aOR:1.55 [95%CI:1.10–2.19]) and was lower among TGW from Peru (aOR:0.29 [95%CI:0.21–0.41]) or reporting PrEP‐related adverse effects (aOR:0.63 [95%CI:0.42–0.92]). Conclusions Although TGW were willing to enrol in ImPrEP, long‐term PrEP engagement and complete self‐reported adherence were limited, and HIV incidence remained relatively high. A successful HIV prevention agenda should include trans‐specific interventions supporting oral PrEP and exploring long‐acting PrEP strategies for TGW.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors associated with long‐term HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis engagement and adherence among transgender women in Brazil, Mexico and Peru: results from the ImPrEP study

et al. 2022

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“…A positive finding from our study was the high PrEP retention. In a Peruvian study to support PrEP among TGW, about half of participants (49/89, 55%) were lost to follow-up after 3 months [33]. Stigma and discrimination in the healthcare setting are critical barriers to HIV prevention for TGW.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low PrEP adherence despite high retention among transgender women in Brazil: the PrEParadas study

et al. 2022

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Introduction:We aimed to evaluate daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake, retention, and adherence and predictors of study non-attendance and low PrEP adherence in a Brazilian trans-specific 48-week study (PrEParadas). Methods: We enrolled transgender women (TGW) engaging in high-risk sexual behaviours between August 2017 and December 2018. PrEP adherence was based on tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in dried blood spots (DBS). We used random effects logistic regression models and ordinal models to estimate the odds of having a missed visit and of low PrEP adherence, respectively. Multivariable models were adjusted for variables with p-value<0.10 in the univariate analysis. Results: From the 271 eligible, 130 participants were enrolled in the study (PrEP uptake: 48%), out of which 111 (85.4%) were retained at 48 weeks. Multivariable model for study non-attendance included study visit, age, main sexual partner and stimulant use. The odds of missing a visit increased after the week 24. Participants aged 18-24 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 8.76, 95% CI: 2.09-36.7) and 25-34 years (aOR = 6.79, 95% CI: 1.72-26.8) compared to TGW aged 35+ years had significantly higher odds of having a missed visit. The odds of a missed visit were higher among participants reporting stimulant use (aOR = 4.99, 95% CI: 1.37-18.1) compared to no stimulant use. DBS levels at week 48 showed that 42 (38.5%), 14 (12.8%) and 53 (48.6%) of 109 participants had low, moderate and high PrEP adherence. Multivariable model for low PrEP adherence included study visit, age, schooling, race/colour, housing, binge drinking, stimulant use, feminizing hormone therapy (FHT) use and received text message. Low PrEP adherence was significantly higher among participants with less years of schooling (aOR = 6.71, 95% CI: 1.30-34.5) and had a borderline association with Black colour/race (aOR = 6.72, 95% CI: 0.94-47.8). Participants using the FHT available at the site had decreased odds of low PrEP adherence (aOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16-0.88). No participant seroconverted over the course of the study. Conclusions: Although high PrEP retention can be achieved in a gender-affirming setting, PrEP adherence may be an important challenge faced among TGW due to social disparities. The scale-up of prevention tools like PrEP will have to address systemic social determinants as these stand as important barriers for TGW's access to health services.

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“…Social and sexual interactions may serve to disseminate knowledge and resources about HIV or STI prevention through MSM and trans women’s networks, where gender identity, sexual orientation, and sexual role may influence awareness of and engagement with HIV/STI prevention resources [ 16 , 17 ]. Network recruitment patterns from a study in El Salvador and results from a pilot trial of a social network-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) intervention in Peru suggest that trans women’s social networks may play important roles in HIV prevention [ 18 , 19 ]. However, other literature points to the need to consider social relationship characteristics and individual or peer identities in network dynamics, communication patterns, and relationship to sexual health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual health norms and communication patterns within the close social networks of men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru: a 2017 cross-sectional study

et al. 2021

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Background Social networks, norms, and discussions about sexual health may inform sexual practices, influencing risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition. To better understand social networks of Peruvian men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (trans women), we examined key social network members (SNMs), participant perceptions of these network members’ opinions toward sexual health behaviors, and associations between network member characteristics and condomless anal intercourse (CAI). Methods In a 2017 cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 565 MSM and trans women with HIV-negative or unknown serostatus was asked to identify three close SNMs; describe discussions about HIV and STI prevention with each; and report perceived opinions of condom use, HIV/STI testing, and partner notification of STIs. Generalized estimating equations evaluated relationships between SNM characteristics, opinions, and discussions and participant-reported CAI. Results Among participants who identified as MSM, 42.3% of key SNMs were perceived to identify as gay. MSM “never” discussed HIV and STI prevention concerns with 42.4% of heterosexual SNMs, but discussed them “at least once weekly” with 16.9 and 16.6% of gay- and bisexual- identifying SNMs, respectively. Among participants who identified as trans women, 28.2% of key SNMs were perceived as heterosexual; 25.9%, as bisexual; 24.7%, as transgender; and 21.2%, as gay. Trans women discussed HIV/STI prevention least with cis-gender heterosexual network members (40.2% “never”) and most with transgender network members (27.1% “at least once weekly”). Participants perceived most of their close social network to be completely in favor of condom use (71.2% MSM SNMs, 61.5% trans women SNMs) and HIV/STI testing (73.1% MSM SNMs, 75.6% trans women SNMs), but described less support for partner STI notification (33.4% MSM SNMs, 37.4% trans women SNMs). Most participants reported CAI with at least one of their past three sexual partners (77.5% MSM, 62.8% trans women). SNM characteristics were not significantly associated with participant-reported frequency of CAI. Conclusions Findings compare social support, perceived social norms, and discussion patterns of Peruvian MSM and trans women, offering insight into social contexts and sexual behaviors. Trial registration The parent study from which this analysis was derived was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03010020) on January 4, 2017.

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TransPrEP: Results from the Pilot Study of a Social Network-Based Intervention to Support PrEP Adherence Among Transgender Women in Lima, Peru

Cited by 19 publications

References 55 publications

Factors associated with long‐term HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis engagement and adherence among transgender women in Brazil, Mexico and Peru: results from the ImPrEP study

Factors associated with long‐term HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis engagement and adherence among transgender women in Brazil, Mexico and Peru: results from the ImPrEP study

Low PrEP adherence despite high retention among transgender women in Brazil: the PrEParadas study

Sexual health norms and communication patterns within the close social networks of men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru: a 2017 cross-sectional study

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