Transposition of Reversed Ac Element Ends Generates Novel Chimeric Genes in Maize

Zhang, Jianbo; Zhang, Feng; Peterson, T.

doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020164.eor

Cited by 13 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…The first example is the orange pericarp in maize by Ac element-induced chromosomal rearrangements (Zhang et al, 2006). The maize kernel pericarp red pigments are regulated by p1 gene encodes a Myb-homologous transcriptional regulator.…”

Section: Te-induced Rearrangements Of Gene Structure Causes Phenotypimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maize kernel pericarp red pigments are regulated by p1 gene encodes a Myb-homologous transcriptional regulator. The transposition of reversed Ac ends, which located in the intron of p1 and downstream of its paralog p2 gene, can create a new functional chimeric gene P-oo and change the maize pericarp color (Zhang et al, 2006). In Antirrhinum, the chalcone synthase (CHS) gene nivea (niv) is responsible for flower color (Sommer and Saedler, 1986).…”

Section: Te-induced Rearrangements Of Gene Structure Causes Phenotypimentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of transposable elements on phenotypic variation: insights from plants to humans

Wei

Cao

2016

Sci. China Life Sci.

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Transposable elements (TEs), originally discovered in maize as controlling elements, are the main components of most eukaryotic genomes. TEs have been regarded as deleterious genomic parasites due to their ability to undergo massive amplification. However, TEs can regulate gene expression and alter phenotypes. Also, emerging findings demonstrate that TEs can establish and rewire gene regulatory networks by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the key roles of TEs in fine-tuning the regulation of gene expression leading to phenotypic plasticity in plants and humans, and the implications for adaption and natural selection. transposable elements, gene expression, phenotypic variation Citation:Wei, L., and Cao, X. (2016). The effect of transposable elements on phenotypic variation: insights from plants to humans. Sci China Life Sci 59, 24 -37.

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Section: Te-induced Rearrangements Of Gene Structure Causes Phenotypimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Te-induced Rearrangements Of Gene Structure Causes Phenotypimentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of transposable elements on phenotypic variation: insights from plants to humans

Wei

Cao

2016

Sci. China Life Sci.

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“…Previous reports have demonstrated the ability of Ac/Ds alternative transposition events to generate genome rearrangements in maize, including deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations (Zhang and Peterson 2004;Zhang et al 2006Zhang et al , 2009Zhang et al , 2013Huang and Dooner 2008). At each rearrangement breakpoint there is the potential for coding sequences of two different genes to be fused to form a novel chimeric gene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Class II DNA transposons generally do not amplify to such high copy numbers as the class I retroelements, but they can induce structural changes in various ways. For example, the maize Ac/Ds transposon family, class II transposable elements, can undergo a process of alternative transposition that can generate large-scale structural changes such as duplications, translocation, inversions, and deletions (Zhang et al 2006;Yu et al 2011). Moreover, a recent study reported evidence that alternative transposition of transposon dhAT-Zm1 generated three tandem duplications during the evolution of the maize B73 genome (Zhang et al 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The class II transposons Pack-MULE in rice (Jiang et al 2004) and helitrons in maize (Morgante et al 2005) were also reported to generate chimeric transcripts by producing dispersed duplications that engage genic sequences from different genes. In maize, Zhang et al (2006) reported that functional chimeric genes could be formed by deletions induced by Reversed-Ends Transposition (RET) of the class II Ac/Ds transposon system.…”

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Alternative Transposition Generates New Chimeric Genes and Segmental Duplications at the Maize p1 Locus

Zuo

et al. 2015

Genetics

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The maize Ac/Ds transposon family was the first transposable element system identified and characterized by Barbara McClintock. Ac/Ds transposons belong to the hAT family of class II DNA transposons. We and others have shown that Ac/Ds elements can undergo a process of alternative transposition in which the Ac/Ds transposase acts on the termini of two separate, nearby transposons. Because these termini are present in different elements, alternative transposition can generate a variety of genome alterations such as inversions, duplications, deletions, and translocations. Moreover, Ac/Ds elements transpose preferentially into genic regions, suggesting that structural changes arising from alternative transposition may potentially generate chimeric genes at the rearrangement breakpoints. Here we identified and characterized 11 independent cases of gene fusion induced by Ac alternative transposition. In each case, a functional chimeric gene was created by fusion of two linked, paralogous genes; moreover, each event was associated with duplication of the 70-kb segment located between the two paralogs. An extant gene in the maize B73 genome that contains an internal duplication apparently generated by an alternative transposition event was also identified. Our study demonstrates that alternative transposition-induced duplications may be a source for spontaneous creation of diverse genome structures and novel genes in maize.KEYWORDS Ac/Ds alternative transposition; translocation; segmental duplication; chimeric gene; exon shuffling T HE complex architecture of the modern maize genome was shaped by ancient whole-genome duplication and subsequent diploidization events (Messing et al. 2004;Haberer et al. 2005). Transposable elements proliferated during the diploidization process (Gaut et al. 2000) and today comprise 85% of the maize genome (Schnable et al. 2009). For example, multiple insertions of high-copy-number families of class I retrotransposons greatly expanded the intergenic regions of the maize genome. Comparisons of maize and its close relative sorghum indicate that gene number and colinearity are largely conserved (Hulbert et al. 1990), whereas the intergenic regions differ greatly due to frequent retrotransposon insertions in maize. A good example is the adh1 region of maize inbred B73. Nineteen nested LTR retroelements and two solo LTRs together make up 74% of the intergenic sequences between adh1 and the nearest adjacent gene (Tikhonov et al. 1999). Transposition and proliferation of retroelements thus can largely explain genome size variations, the C-value paradox, and discordant evolutionary history among different grass species (SanMiguel and Vitte 2009). Class II DNA transposons generally do not amplify to such high copy numbers as the class I retroelements, but they can induce structural changes in various ways. For example, the maize Ac/Ds transposon family, class II transposable elements, can undergo a process of alternative transposition that can generate large-scale structural changes such a...

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Transposons and Gene Creation

Dooner¹,

Weil²

2013

Plant Transposons and Genome Dynamics in Evolution

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Transposition of Reversed Ac Element Ends Generates Novel Chimeric Genes in Maize

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

The effect of transposable elements on phenotypic variation: insights from plants to humans

The effect of transposable elements on phenotypic variation: insights from plants to humans

Alternative Transposition Generates New Chimeric Genes and Segmental Duplications at the Maize p1 Locus

Transposons and Gene Creation

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