Transportation infrastructure investment, growth and international trade in Turkey

Transportation intensity, urbanization, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in the G-20 countries

“…2 The basic notion is that improvements in transportation and greater transportation activity cause economic growth but economic growth may also increase transportation activity. Recent published research includes work by Lean et al (2014), Beyzatlar et al (2014), Pradhan and Bagchi (2013), Liddle and Lung (2013), Kustepeli et al (2012), Chia (2011), Yu et al (2012, Eruygur et al (2012), Fernandes and Pacheco (2010), Tervo (2009), Anaman andOsei-Amponsah (2007), Lean (2001), Gramlich (1994), Munnell (1992) , and Aschauer (1989). The results found in this body of work, however are contradictory; some studies suggest the existence of a unidirectional causality while others support bidirectional causality between the variables (see Table 1 for a summary).…”

Transport Infrastructure Development, Public Performance and Long-Run Economic Growth: A Case Study for the Eu-28 Countries

“…Moreover, some theoretical and empirical studies highlight the causal relationship (unidirectional causality or bidirectional causality) between transportation activity and economic growth, where the theoretical and logical fundament is that on the one hand the improvements in transportation and greater transportation activity cause economic growth, and on the other hand the economic growth may also increase transportation activity. The results are mixed, as follows: (i) Studies that found a bidirectional Granger-causality relationship between transportation intensity and economic growth [3,40,51,[53][54][55][56][57]; (ii) studies that found a unidirectional Granger-causality relationship between transportation intensity and economic growth [4,[58][59][60][61][62]; (iii) studies that found a reverse unidirectional Granger-causality relationship between transportation intensity and economic growth [63,64]; (iv) studies that found no causality [65]; and (v) studies with mixed results depending on the stage of the economy of the countries where results for the developed countries show that transportation intensity bears no causal relationship to economic growth in the short-run and the explication being the fact that transportation intensity has reached a point of near saturation, but for the developing countries higher transportation intensity led to higher economic growth specifically in passenger air transportation [2]. Gherghina et al [40] developed a study for the EU-28, over a 26-year period (1990-2016) based on estimation techniques for panel data models and found a bidirectional causal relation in the long-run between a specific sector of transportation, respectively the railways lines, regarding their length and investment in this sector and the economic growth.…”

“…The extension of the transport infrastructure all over the world and the development of the transportation sector as a whole are so intricate from the perspective of the effects and implications that the full dimension of sustainable development cannot be omitted by most of the recent studies from different domains. In the context of sustainable development as a desideratum of every society, an important part of the studies [2,[15][16][17]19,40,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83] is more complex, being oriented to the environmental and the social dimension from the impact of transport development in relationship with the economic growth. The transport sector accounts for about a quarter of CO 2 emissions globally [84].…”

Highway and Railway Infrastructure, Real Income and Structural Breaks

“…As an example, public investment on highway infrastructure in Turkey was on average 2.36 % of the government budget for 1970-2005. Highway length in kilometers increased from 59,000 kms in 1970 to 61,000 kms in 2005 (Kuştepeli, Gülcan, Akgüngör, 2008). The effects of transportation on real economic activities in manufacturing and service based sectors have visible benefits such as time consumption in shipping of both raw materials, semi-finished goods and produced goods.…”