Transport model comparison studies of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions

Wolter, H.H.; Colonna, M.; Cozma, Dan; Danielewicz, Paweł; Ko, Che Ming; Kumar, Rohit; Ono, Akira; Tsang, M.B.; Xu, Jing; Zhang, Yingxun; Bratkovskaya, Elena; Zhu, Feng; Gaitanos, T.; Févre, A. Le; Ikeno, Natsumi; Kim, Youngman; Mallik, S.; Napolitani, P.; Oliinychenko, Dmytro; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Papa, M.; Su, Jun; Wang, Rui; Wang, Yongjia; Weil, Janus; Zhang, Feng-Shou; Zhang, Guoqiang; Zhang, Zhen; Aichelin, Joerg; Cassing, W.; Chen, Lie‐Wen; Cheng, Hui-Gan; Elfner, Hannah; Gallmeister, K.; Hartnack, C.; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Jeon, Sangyong; Kim, Kyungil; Kim, Myungkuk; Li, Bao-An; Lee, Chang-Hwan; Li, Qingfeng; Li, Zhuxia; Mosel, U.; Nara, Yasushi; Niita, Koji; Ohnishi, Akira; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Song, Taesoo; Sorensen, Agnieszka; Wang, Ning; Wang, Xie

doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103962

Cited by 81 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 346 publications

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“…However, as a prerequisite it is important to establish that the various model approaches do not differ significantly in their predictions in order to allow for a consistent determination of the EOS. For a detailed review of the different approaches used for transport simulations see [61][62][63]. As examples the predictions by two QMD models, JAM 1.9 [64] and UrQMD 3.4 [18], and one BUU model, GiBUU 2019 [65] are considered here.…”

Section: Model Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton, deuteron and triton flow measurements in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.4$ GeV

Adamczewski-Musch,

Arnold,

Behnke

et al. 2022

Preprint

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High precision measurements of flow coefficients v n (n = 1 − 4) for protons, deuterons and tritons relative to the first-order spectator plane have been performed in Au+Au collisions at √ s NN = 2.4 GeV with the High-Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer (HADES) at the SIS18/GSI. Flow coefficients are studied as a function of transverse momentum p t and rapidity y cm over a large region of phase space and for several classes of collision centrality. A clear mass hierarchy is found for the slope of v 1 , dv 1 /dy | y =0 where y is the scaled rapidity, and for v 2 at mid-rapidity. Scaling with the number of nucleons is observed for the p t dependence of v 2 and v 4 at mid-rapidity, which is indicative for nuclear coalescence as the main process responsible for light nuclei formation. v 2 is found to scale with the initial eccentricity 2 , while v 4 scales with 2 2 and 4 . The multi-differential high-precision data on v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , and v 4 provides important constraints on the equationof-state of compressed baryonic matter.

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Section: Model Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton, deuteron and triton flow measurements in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.4$ GeV

Adamczewski-Musch,

Arnold,

Behnke

et al. 2022

Preprint

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show abstract

“…In the default version of the UrQMD model, the sampled nucleus is resampled if δr min is smaller than d min = 1.6 fm. Different values of d min are used in different QMD-like models [34]. The maximum value of d min can be estimated from the size of nuclei, which should be smaller than 2R 0 , where R 0 is the coefficient of the empirical formula for calculating nuclear radii.…”

Section: Initialization Of Urqmd Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Initial Density Fluctuations on Cumulants in Au + Au Collisions at sNN = 7.7 GeV

Yue

Wang

et al. 2022

Universe

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Within the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model, the effect of initial density fluctuations on cumulants of the net-proton multiplicity distribution in Au + Au Collisions at sNN = 7.7 GeV was investigated by varying the minimum distance dmin between two nucleons in the initialization. It was found that the initial density fluctuations increased with the decrease of dmin from 1.6 fm to 1.0 fm, and the influence of dmin on the magnitude of the net-proton number fluctuation in a narrow pseudorapidity window (Δη≤ 4) was negligible even if it indeed affected the density evolution during the collision. At a broad pseudorapidity window (Δη≥ 4), the cumulant ratios were enlarged when the initial density fluctuations were increased with the smaller value of dmin, and this enhancement was comparable to that observed in the presence of the nuclear mean-field potential. Moreover, the enhanced cumulants were more evident in collisions with a larger impact parameter. The present work demonstrates that the fingerprint of the initial density fluctuations on the cumulants in a broad pseudorapidity window is clearly visible, while it is not obvious as the pseudorapidity window becomes narrow.

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“…A lot of knowledge has been gained regarding the phases of QCD in equilibrium [13][14][15][16][17][18][19], specifically through lattice QCD [20] even at finite chemical potential [21], and also much is known about the transport near equilibrium [22]). Sound modes on top of Bjorken flow were already studied in kinetic theory [10,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic attractors for the speed of sound in holographic Bjorken flow

Cartwright¹,

Kaminski²,

Knipfer³

2022

Preprint

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The speed of sound is a central quantity in the exploration of the phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics, specifically through heavy ion collisions analyzed in the Beam Energy Scan at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Such collisions push the system generically far away from equilibrium, where thermodynamic quantities are not well-defined and the thermodynamic definition for the speed of sound becomes unreliable. In addition, the plasma is approximately boost invariant along the beamline, leading to initially large anisotropy between that direction and the transverse plane. Here, we extend the standard thermodynamic definition to calculate the speed of sound when the system is out of equilibrium, in particular, undergoing Bjorken flow. Then, we compute this out-ofequilibrium speed of sound in a holographic plasma, and demonstrate remarkable agreement with the hydrodynamic prediction. We show by Borel resummation that the holographic system has one attractor for this speed of sound longitudinal, and another transverse, to the direction of Bjorken expansion. Attractor times for various initial flow conditions show that reaching an attractor does not imply or require local thermal equilibrium. In the cases studied, reaching an attractor implies hydrodynamization (quantities evolve approximately according to hydrodynamics), justifying the name hydrodynamic attractor.

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Transport model comparison studies of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions

Cited by 81 publications

References 346 publications

Proton, deuteron and triton flow measurements in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.4$ GeV

Proton, deuteron and triton flow measurements in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.4$ GeV

Effects of Initial Density Fluctuations on Cumulants in Au + Au Collisions at sNN = 7.7 GeV

Hydrodynamic attractors for the speed of sound in holographic Bjorken flow

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