“…Rather, germ layer lineage mesodermal stem cells respond to bone morphogenetic protein-4 (which acts on cells of the mesodermal lineage) to form cells of mesodermal origin, e.g., carttilage and bone [3,8,[22][23][24]. When exposed to general and specific inductive agents, germ layer lineage ectodermal stem cells derived from the adult rat or derived from the adult human have differentiated into neuronal progenitor cells, neurons, ganglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, synaptic vesicles, radial glial cells, and keratinocytes [4,5,[24][25][26][27][28]]. When exposed to general and specific inductive agents, germ layer lineage mesodermal stem cells derived from the adult rat or derived from the adult human have differentiated into skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, white fat, brown fat, hyaline cartilage, articular cartilage, elastic cartilage, growth plate cartilage, fibrocartilage, endochondral bone, intramembranous bone, tendons, ligaments, dermis, fibrogenic scar tissue, endothelial cells, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages [4,22,23].…”