“…Besides conventional risk factors, those related to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), including increased plasma volume, hemodynamic overload due to arteriovenous fistula, anemia, disorders of calcium-phosphate metabolism, electrolyte imbalances, chronic inflammation, increased catabolism, increased homocysteine levels, increased lipoprotein (a) levels, oxidative stress, and uremia can also be seen in patients on hemodialysis (2). It has also been suggested that hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis itself may pose a risk (3). Cardiac troponins which are indicative of cardiac muscle damage resulting from the abovementioned risk factors are specific and sensitive markers for the heart (4).…”