Transparent, flexible, and solid-state supercapacitors based on graphene electrodes

Gao, Yi; Zhou, Yun Shen; Xiong, Wei; Jiang, Li; Mahjouri‐Samani, Masoud; Thirugnanam, P.; Huang, Xi; Wang, M. M.; Jiang, Lan; Lu, Yongfeng

doi:10.1063/1.4808242

Cited by 97 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…[434][435][436][437] It is however intriguing why such fi lms have been so far only modestly explored for the realization of transparent batteries or capacitors. [438][439][440] Probably because the main hurdle with this respect remains the realization of transparent battery electrodes?…”

Section: Optically Active Schemes/confi Gurationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Vlad

Singh

Galande

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

290

204

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all need to be used in conjugation with an energy storage system to provide smooth power leveling. Currently, electrochemical energy storage systems are by far the most optimal solutions for powering a broad range of technologies, expanding from compact and light-weighted portable electronic devices to stationary gridscale energy storage applications. [3][4][5][6] These energy storage devices (batteries and supercapacitors) store the available electrical energy in the form of chemical energy and release it whenever needed, by simply reversing the electrochemical reaction. [7][8][9][10][11] Among various available battery chemistries, lithium batteries and supercapacitors are the most promising technologies. [ 7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Ever since the realization of the fi rst electrochemical energy storage cell by Alessandro Volta (end of 17th century), the working principle and its function has changed very little. [ 21,22 ] Basically, two redox couples (or charge storage electrodes), electrically and physically separated, are bridged by an ion conducting medium to constitute an electrochemical cell. This holds true also for modern Li-ion batteries, although the chemistry involved is much more complex. During operation, the electrons are transferred through an external circuit while ions shuttle through the electrolyte to counterbalance the depleted charge at the electrodes. [ 23 ] So far, much of the effort has been directed towards improvement of the energy and power characteristics by downsizing the active components, re-engineering the current collectors and separators, as well as fi ne-tuning the Batteries have become fundamental building blocks for the mobility of modern society. Continuous development of novel battery chemistries and electrode materials has nourished progress in building better batteries. Simultaneously, novel device form factors and designs with multi-functional components have been proposed, requiring batteries to not only integrate seamlessly to these devices, but to also be a multi-functional component for a multitude of applications. Thus, in the past decade, along with developments in the component materials, the focus has been shifting more and more towards novel fabrication processes, unconventional confi gurations, and additional functionalities. This work attempts to critically review the developments with respect to emerging electrochemical energy storage confi gurations, including, amongst others, paintable, transparent, fl exible, wire or cable shaped, ultra-thin and ultra-thick confi gurations, as well as hybrid energy storage-conversion, or graphene-incorporated batteries and supercapacitors. The performance requirements are elaborated together with the advantages, but also the limitations, with respect to established electrochemical energy storage technologies. Finally, challenges in developing novel materials with tailored properties that would allow such confi gurations, and in designing easier manufacturing techniques that can be widely adopted ar...

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Section: Optically Active Schemes/confi Gurationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Vlad

Singh

Galande

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

290

204

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Recently, interest in making transparent and flexible EDLCs has risen due to several applications in displays, touch sensors, photovoltaics, OLED, etc., which hold promise to change the way we use electronics. Carbon nanotubes and other carbon materials can be used to fabricate electrodes for these novel transparent and flexible EDLC (Table 1) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. However, to achieve high optical transparency one should use ultrathin films, which limits the conductivity of the electrodes and sets a requirement for a very high mass specific capacitance to achieve adequate performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent and flexible high-performance supercapacitors based on single-walled carbon nanotube films

Kanninen

Luong

et al. 2016

Nanotechnology

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Transparent and flexible energy storage devices have gathered great interest due to their suitability for display, sensor and photovoltaic applications. In this paper, we report the application of aerosol synthesized and dry deposited single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin films as electrodes for electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). SWCNT films exhibit extremely large specific capacitance (178 F g -1 or 552 µF cm -2 ), high optical transparency (92%) and stability for 10000 charge/discharge cycles. A transparent and flexible EDLC prototype is constructed with a polyethylene casing and a gel electrolyte.

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“…Whilst examples of the former are presently scarce, 16 significant efforts are underway to develop transparent/flexible SCs. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] The electrode materials under investigation for this purpose are numerous, including carbon nanotubes, 27,[32][33] graphene, 21,29,34 transition metal oxides 17, 19-20, 23, 25 and conducting polymers. 17,22,30 In some transparent SC reports, the capacitive charge storage materials have been supported by an underlying transparent indium-tin oxide (ITO) layer to provide efficient current collection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avoiding Resistance Limitations in High-Performance Transparent Supercapacitor Electrodes Based on Large-Area, High-Conductivity PEDOT:PSS Films

Higgins

Coleman

2015

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

145

135

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This work describes the potential of thin, spray-deposited, large-area poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene-4-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conducting polymer films for use as transparent supercapacitor electrodes. To facilitate this, we provide a detailed explanation of the factors limiting the performance of such electrodes. These films have a very low optical conductivity of σop = 24 S/cm (at 550 nm), crucial for this application, and a reasonable volumetric capacitance of C V = 41 F/cm3. Secondary doping with formic acid gives these films a DC conductivity of σDC = 936 S/cm, allowing them to perform both as a transparent conductor/current collector and transparent supercapacitor electrode. Small-area films (A ∼ 1 cm2) display measured areal capacitance as high as 1 mF/cm2, even for reasonably transparent electrodes (T ∼ 80%). However, in real devices, the absolute capacitance will be maximized by increasing the device area. As such, here, we measure the electrode performance as a function of its length and width. We find that the measured areal capacitance falls dramatically with scan rate and sample length but is independent of width. We show that this is because the measured areal capacitance is limited by the electrical resistance of the electrode. We have derived an equation for the measured areal capacitance as a function of scan rate and electrode lateral dimensions that fits the data extremely well up to scan rates of ∼1000 mV/s (corresponding to charge/discharge times > 0.6 s). These results are self-consistent with independent analysis of the electrical and impedance properties of the electrodes. These results can be used to find limiting combinations of electrode length and scan rate, beyond which electrode performance falls dramatically. We use these insights to build large-area (∼100 cm2) supercapacitors using electrodes that are 95% transparent, providing a capacitance of ∼12 mF (at 50 mV/s), significantly higher than that of any previously reported transparent supercapacitor.

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Transparent, flexible, and solid-state supercapacitors based on graphene electrodes

Cited by 97 publications

References 34 publications

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Transparent and flexible high-performance supercapacitors based on single-walled carbon nanotube films

Avoiding Resistance Limitations in High-Performance Transparent Supercapacitor Electrodes Based on Large-Area, High-Conductivity PEDOT:PSS Films

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