Transparent Carbon Films as Electrodes in Organic Solar Cells

Abstract

A window of opportunity: A transparent graphene film has been obtained by a new bottom‐up chemical approach involving the thermal reaction of synthetic nanographene molecules of giant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are cross‐linked with each other and further fused into larger graphene sheets. Such graphene films have been applied as window electrodes in organic solar cells (see picture).

Transparent, conductive solution processed spincast 2D Ti2CTx (MXene) films

“…As noted previously [32], our FOM is as good as un-doped, chemically vapor-deposited graphene films [28] The relatively high FOM of these films is mostly because, at ≈ 10 28 m −3 , the density of charge carriers is high [32,43], leading to a high DC conductivity. Our films are not as good as doped CVD graphene [29], ITO [33] or Ag-nanowires [27].…”

“…Ag-nanowires [27] are a good example of non-uniform type. Examples of the former include, un-doped [28] and doped graphene [29,30], MXenes [8,9,31,32] and the industry standard indium tin oxide, ITO. While the combination of transparency and conductivity of ITO is in general difficult to surpass, the high cost and limited supply of indium have energized efforts, especially in the 2D community, to find alternatives.…”

Low-Temperature Solution Processing of Graphene−Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Materials for High-Performance Transparent Conductors

“…Films of vapor phase reduced GO were reported recently, but displayed a relatively poor conductivity, i.e., 10 4 -10 5 Ω/0 at 80% transmittance. [24][25][26][27][28][29] Attempts to combine CNTs and chemically converted graphene (CCG) in a single layer have also been reported, but the resulting films were too thick for optical applications. 30,31 By combining CNTs and CCG in a single layer, we envision enhancing the conductivity, while sacrificing little in transparency.…”

Effect of graphene oxide nanomaterial in electroclinic liquid crystals

“…GO can be prepared by extensive chemical attacks of graphite crystal to introduce oxygen. 21 The ease of synthesizing GO and its solution processing compatibility make the material attractive for large area applications including transparent conductors, [22][23][24][25] electrical energy storage devices and polymer composites. 26 In 2008, Blake et al 27 have used graphene to fabricate electrodes for the LC device and showed excellent performance with a high contrast ratio.…”