Transmission of louping ill virus between infected and uninfected ticks co‐feeding on mountain hares

Jones, Linda D.; Gaunt, Michael W.; Hails, Rosie S.; Laurenson, Karen; Hudson, Peter J.; Reid, H.W.; Henbest, Pauline; Gould, Ernest A.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00309.x

Cited by 94 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…For example, louping ill infected ticks have been collected from wildlife that did not develop detectable viraemia (Jones et al, 1997). The lack of clinical disease in recipient animals may be due to an insufficient number of infected ticks being attached to them.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Potential Role for Ixodid (Hard) Tick Vectors in the Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Cattle

Tuppurainen

Stoltsz

Troskie

et al. 2010

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

131

123

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SummaryLumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important cattle disease. The disease is endemic in many African countries but outbreaks have also been reported in Madagascar, and the Middle East. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of ixodid (hard) ticks in the transmission of the disease. Cattle were infected with a virulent, South African field isolate of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Three common African tick species (genera Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)) in different life cycle stages were fed on the infected animals during the viraemic stage and on skin lesions. Post-feeding, the partially fed male ticks were transferred to the skin of non-infected "recipient" animals, while females were allowed to lay eggs which were then tested using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and virus isolation. Nymphs were allowed to develop for 2 to 3 weeks after which time they were tested. The non-infected "recipient" cattle were closely monitored and both skin and blood samples were tested using PCR and virus isolation, and serum samples were tested by the serum neutralization test. This is the first report showing molecular evidence of potential transmission of LSDV by ixodid ticks. The study showed evidence of transstadial and transovarial transmission of LSDV by R.(B.) decoloratus ticks, and mechanical or intrastadial transmission by R. appendiculatus and A. hebraeum ticks.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Potential Role for Ixodid (Hard) Tick Vectors in the Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Cattle

Tuppurainen

Stoltsz

Troskie

et al. 2010

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

131

123

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“…Jones et al (1997) showed that uninfected ticks became infected when they co-fed with Louping ill infected ticks on apparently non-viraemic wild-caught hares. NVT was reported also for Kyasanur Forest disease virus by soft tick Argas persicus on domestic chick (Singh et al, 1971).…”

Section: Non-viraemic Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne viruses

Havlíková¹,

Ličková²,

Klempa³

2013

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Summary. -Tick-borne viruses are causative agents of several important human diseases. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most prominent representative considered medically to be the most important arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) in Europe and northern Asia. Tick-borne virus transmission cycles are determined by the interactions between viruses, vectors, and their vertebrate hosts. Several mechanisms of tick-borne virus circulation in nature are currently considered to include transovarial transmission via the eggs from an infected female tick to its offspring, "viraemic" transmission between host and tick via feeding on a viraemic, infectious vertebrate hosts, and the virus transmission between co-feeding ticks, termed non-viraemic transmission (NVT). For NVT, the local skin site where ticks aggregately feed is an important focus of viral replication where migratory immune cells provide a vehicle for virus transmission from infected to uninfected co-feeding ticks. For TBEV at least, NVT is an important mechanism of virus maintenance in nature and offers explanations for some specific aspects of tick-borne virus ecology such as focal virus distribution and vector competency of particular tick species.Keywords: routes of transmission; non-viraemic transmission; arbovirus; tick-borne viruses; co-feeding; tick-borne encephalitis virus E-mail: virusaha@savba.sk; phone: +421-2-59302428. Abbreviations: ASFV = African swine fever virus; CCH-FV = Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; NVT = nonviraemic transmission; SAT = saliva-activated transmission; SGE = salivary gland extract; THOV = Thogoto virus; TBEV = tickborne encephalitis virus

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“…Mountain hares (Lepus timidus) have been shown experimentally to allow LIV transmission nonviraemically between co-feeding ticks (Jones et al, 1997). As a result some grouse managers are conducting extensive culls of mountain hares in an effort to reduce LIV prevalence in red grouse.…”

Section: Control Strategies Of Louping Ill Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling tick-borne diseases through domestic animal management: a theoretical approach

2010

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Vector-borne diseases are of global importance to human and animal health. Empirical trials of effective methods to control vectors and their pathogens can be difficult for practical, financial and ethical reasons. Here, therefore, we use a mathematical model to predict the effectiveness of a vector-borne disease control method. As a case study we use the tick-louping ill virus system, where sheep are treated with acaricide in an attempt to control ticks and disease in red grouse , an economically important game bird. We ran the model under different scenarios of sheep flock sizes, alternative host (deer) densities, acaricide efficacies and tick burdens. The model predicted that, with very low deer densities, using sheep as tick mops can reduce the tick population and virus prevalence. However, treatment is ineffective above a certain threshold deer density, dependent on the comparative tick burden on sheep and deer. The model also predicted that high efficacy levels of acaricide must be maintained for effective tick control. This study suggests that benignly managing one host species to protect another host species from a vector and pathogen can be effective under certain conditions. It also highlights the importance of understanding the ecological complexity of a system, in order to target control methods only under certain circumstances for maximum effectiveness.

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Transmission of louping ill virus between infected and uninfected ticks co‐feeding on mountain hares

Cited by 94 publications

References 12 publications

A Potential Role for Ixodid (Hard) Tick Vectors in the Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Cattle

A Potential Role for Ixodid (Hard) Tick Vectors in the Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Cattle

Non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne viruses

Controlling tick-borne diseases through domestic animal management: a theoretical approach

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