Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus to Gibbons by Exposure to Human Saliva Containing Hepatitis B Surface Antigen

Bancroft, William H.; Snitbhan, Rapin; Scott, Robert McNair; Tingpalapong, M; Watson, William T.; Tanticharoenyos, Prayot; Kârwacki, Jerome J.; Srimarut, Suranga

doi:10.1093/infdis/135.1.79

Cited by 161 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, gibbons (genus Hylobates) at the International Center for Gibbon Studies (Santa Clarita, CA) were positive for markers of ongoing or past HBV infection and phylogenetic analysis of the isolated HBV sequences suggested that the gibbons, most likely, had been infected by transmission of HBV from humans (Lanford et al 2000). This observation is consistent with two previous studies, providing serological evidence of HBV infection in gibbons inoculated with human HBsAgpositive saliva or semen (Bancroft et al 1977;Scott et al 1980). Finally, it was shown that a Macaca fascicularis colony from Mauritius Island was naturally infected with a human HBV isolate (Dupinay et al 2013).…”

Section: Establishing the Chimpanzee As An Hbv Model Systemsupporting

confidence: 87%

The Chimpanzee Model for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Wieland

2015

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

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Even before the discovery of hepatitis B virus (HBV), it was known that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are susceptible to human hepatitis viruses. The chimpanzee is the only primate animal model for HBV infections. Much like HBV-infected human patients, chimpanzees can developacute andchronic HBVinfectionsand consequent hepatitis. Chimpanzees alsodevelop a cellular immune response similar to that observed in humans. For these reasons, the chimpanzee has proven to be an invaluable model for investigations on HBV-driven disease pathogenesis and also the testing of novel antiviral therapies and prophylactic approaches.

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Section: Establishing the Chimpanzee As An Hbv Model Systemsupporting

confidence: 87%

The Chimpanzee Model for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Wieland

2015

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

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“…The infectivity of a gibbon HBV variant to a chimpanzee was documented by Mimms et al (8). In addition, different experimental studies revealed that human HBV isolates can infect gibbons and chimpanzees (1,2). In general, these results imply that nonhuman primate HBV variants may be transmittable to humans.…”

Section: Vol 74 2000mentioning

confidence: 87%

Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Variants in Nonhuman Primates

Grethe

Heckel²,

Rietschel³

et al. 2000

J Virol

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We characterized hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates from sera of 21 hepatitis B virus surface antigen-positive apes, members of the families Pongidae and Hylobatidae (19 gibbon spp., 1 chimpanzee, and 1 gorilla). Sera originate from German, French, Thai, and Vietnamese primate-keeping institutions. To estimate the phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced two genomic regions, one located within the pre-S1/pre-S2 region and one including parts of the polymerase and the X protein open reading frames. By comparison with published human and ape HBV isolates, the sequences could be classified into six genomic groups. Four of these represented new genomic groups of gibbon HBV variants. The gorilla HBV isolate was distantly related to the chimpanzee isolate described previously. To confirm these findings, the complete HBV genome from representatives of each genomic group was sequenced. The HBV isolates from gibbons living in different regions of Thailand and Vietnam could be classified into four different phylogenetically distinct genomic groups. The same genomic groups were found in animals from European zoos. Therefore, the HBV infections of these apes might have been introduced into European primate-keeping facilities by direct import of already infected animals from different regions in Thailand. Taken together, our data suggest that HBV infections are indigenous in the different apes. One event involving transmission between human and nonhuman primates in the Old World of a common ancestor of human HBV genotypes A to E and the ape HBV variants might have occurred.

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“…21,22 Hepatitis B virus has been transmitted to primates by inoculation with the saliva of HBV carriers. 23 Person-toperson transmission and transmission through vehicles contaminated with oral secretions from toothbrushes, baby bottles, toys, and chewing gum have been reported. 24,25 We began educating the residents of this area in personal hygiene, especially in how to avoid contact with such the saliva and vehicles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The elimination of hepatitis B virus infection: changing seroepidemiology of hepatitis A and B virus infection in Okinawa, Japan over a 26-year period.

Furusyo

Hayashi

Sawayama

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Serial changes in hepatitis A virus (HAV) and B virus (HBV) markers were determined from 1970 to 1996 in healthy Japanese residents of a rural area of Okinawa, Japan. All 190 serum samples taken in 1970, 791 in 1980, 708 in 1988, and 523 in 1996 from residents 0 to more than 60 years of age were tested for antibody to HAV (anti-HAV), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The ageadjusted prevalences of anti-HAV and anti-HBc decreased significantly from 83. 9% and 74.9%, respectively, in 1970 to 39.7% and 36.6%, respectively, in 1996. In residents Յ 29 years of age, the prevalences of anti-HAV and antiHBc decreased significantly from 65.3% and 83.8%, respectively, in 1970 to 0.7% and 8.2%, respectively, in 1996. The age-adjusted HBsAg prevalence decreased significantly from 8.2% in 1980 to 4.1% in 1988. These results indicate that exposure to HAV and HBV infections among Okinawa residents less than 29 years of age is decreasing, probably because of improvements in socioeconomic conditions since 1970. Infection with HBV may be eliminated there in the near future.Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route.1 The prevalence of HAV infection is influenced mainly by general hygiene, especially in relation to toilet facilities, water supplies, and food preparation, factors that reflect living standards and socioeconomic status. 2,3 Infection with HAV was endemic in Japan before 1970, but has since become less common. In Asian countries where hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hyperendemic, most people are infected during childhood through either perinatal or child-to-child transmission. [4][5][6][7] Although the average estimated carrier rate was 2-3% in the 1970s, placing Japan in the intermediate range for hepatitis B endemicity, 8 the mean carrier rate is now less than 2%. 9Infections with HAV and HBV have been extensively studied in various parts of the world, but long-term demographic data for all age groups have rarely been documented. Our previous reports confirmed that Okinawa, Japan was highly endemic for HAV and HBV infections. 10,11 We also reported remarkable decreases in the prevalences of these viral infections in children and young adults in Okinawa from 1970Okinawa from to 1988 Determining changes in the prevalences of HAV and HBV infections with time is necessary if infection trends are to be predicted. We studied changes in the frequency of HAV and HBV infections over the 26-year period from 1970 to 1996 in Okinawa, Japan, an area previously endemic for these viral infections.

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Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus to Gibbons by Exposure to Human Saliva Containing Hepatitis B Surface Antigen

Cited by 161 publications

References 36 publications

The Chimpanzee Model for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

The Chimpanzee Model for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Variants in Nonhuman Primates

The elimination of hepatitis B virus infection: changing seroepidemiology of hepatitis A and B virus infection in Okinawa, Japan over a 26-year period.

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