Transmission of hepatitis B by human bite—Confirmation by detection of virus in saliva and full genome sequencing

Deficient Knowledge on Hepatitis B Infection in Pregnant Women and Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Carriage in an Endemic Area: A Review

“…Since then, HBV transmission from saliva had also been described in some studies [42–45]. Furthermore, a local case of HBV transmission by human bite had been reported by a research group in recent year [46] and suggested that human bite is another route of HBV transmission. Indeed, HBV infection from saliva contact through bites or other wounds on the skin and open mouth ulcer, and as through prechewing of food from infected persons, has been reported repeatedly [46–51].…”

“…Furthermore, a local case of HBV transmission by human bite had been reported by a research group in recent year [46] and suggested that human bite is another route of HBV transmission. Indeed, HBV infection from saliva contact through bites or other wounds on the skin and open mouth ulcer, and as through prechewing of food from infected persons, has been reported repeatedly [46–51]. As premastication of food by the mother or grandparents before the food is fed to the infant and the shared use of chopsticks, communal eating, and sharing of utensils are still common practices in Chinese families, transmission by infected saliva could be a serious yet overlooked means of transmission, especially when the exposure by the susceptible subject would be continuous and prolonged.…”

A Study of the Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Among Adult Rural Population of Phulwari Sharif Block, Patna

“…Studies report that if the source is HBeAg positive then they require risk assessment. 9 Other factors reported to be associated with acquisition of hepatitis B virus infection include age, male gender, low level of education, and history of previous surgery, multiple sexual partner, HIV infection and nonusage of condoms. 10 Public Health Importance  Young children who become infected with the hepatitis B virus are most likely to develop chronic infections, 90% of infants infected during the first year of life develop chronic infections; 30-50% of children infected between one to four years of age develop chronic infections.…”

Salivary Transmission of the Chikungunya Arbovirus

“…EBV is highly infectious via the oral route, which is reflected in the common name given to HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses are typically transmitted by blood or sexual contact but have also been detected in saliva. Hepatitis B transmission can occur through saliva [5], but there are no established reports of transmission via saliva for HIV or hepatitis C [6]. Ebola virus is present in the saliva of infected individuals and although it seems likely that transmission via saliva does occur, the significance of this route of transmission is unclear, particularly as the virus is inactivated rapidly in saliva [7].…”