Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus to English Foxhounds

Daly, Janet M.; Blunden, A. S.; MacRae, Shona; Miller, Jodi; Bowman, Samantha; Kolodziejek, Jolanta; Nowotny, Norbert; Smith, Ken

doi:10.3201/eid1403.070643

Cited by 138 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…12 Initial studies indicate that dogs have both SAa-2,6gal and SAa-2,3gal receptors on their tracheal epithelial cells. 8 Binding studies with avian H5N1 virus and lectin-blocking studies indicate that dogs have SAa-2,3gal receptors in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine H3N8 Influenza Virus Infection in Dogs and Mice

Castleman

Crawford

et al. 2010

Vet Pathol

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An H3N8 influenza virus closely related to equine influenza virus was identified in racing greyhound dogs with respiratory disease in 2004 and subsequently identified in shelter and pet dogs. Pathologic findings in dogs spontaneously infected with canine influenza virus were compared with lesions induced in beagle and mongrel dogs following experimental inoculation with influenza A/canine/Florida/43/2004. BALB/c mice were inoculated with canine influenza virus to assess their suitability as an experimental model for viral pathogenesis studies. All dogs inoculated with virus developed necrotizing and hyperplastic tracheitis and bronchitis with involvement of submucosal glands as well as mild bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Viral antigen was identified in bronchial and tracheal epithelial cells of all dogs and in alveolar macrophages of several dogs. Many dogs that were spontaneously infected with virus also developed bacterial pneumonia, and greyhound dogs with fatal spontaneous infection developed severe pulmonary hemorrhage with hemothorax. Virus-inoculated BALB/c mice developed tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and mild pneumonia in association with viral antigen in airway epithelial cells and in type 2 alveolar epithelial cells. Virus was not detected in extrarespiratory sites in any animals. The results indicate that canine influenza virus infection consistently induces acute tracheitis and bronchitis in dogs. Mice may be a useful model for some pathogenesis studies on canine influenza virus infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine H3N8 Influenza Virus Infection in Dogs and Mice

Castleman

Crawford

et al. 2010

Vet Pathol

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“…In other countries, serological surveys 14,15 of dogs for evidence of exposure to CIV H3N8 have been conducted with largely negative results; however, additional transmissions of influenza A viruses from multiple species to dogs have been reported. Retrospective studies implicated equine FLUAV subtype H3N8 as the cause of isolated respiratory outbreaks in dogs in the United Kingdom in 2002 and 2003 12,20 and in Australia, 13 where dozens of dogs in contact with infected horses developed influenza-like illness during the 2007 equine influenza outbreak.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Antibodies to Influenza A Viruses in Dogs in Italy (2006–2008)

Benedictis

Anderson²,

Pérez

et al. 2010

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. Since 2004, there have been several reports of Influenza A virus (FLUAV) infection in dogs. Dogs have been infected with equine influenza H3N8, avian influenza H3N2 and H5N1, and the pandemic H1N1 virus. Because of recent avian and equine influenza outbreaks in Italy, the objectives of the present study were to estimate the level of exposure of Italian dogs to influenza A viruses and to assess a diagnostic algorithm for detection of FLUAV exposure in dogs. Sera collected from 6,858 dogs from 2006 to 2008 were screened in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for antibodies to the highly conserved influenza A nucleoprotein. Samples positive in the cELISA were confirmed by testing in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Two seropositive dogs had antibodies to H3 hemagglutinin proteins, consistent with exposure to recent canine and equine subtype H3N8 viruses. Using a Bayesian model, the sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA were estimated as 93.98% (probability intervals [PI]: 81.67-99.08%) and 98.71% (PI: 98.43-98.96%), respectively. After accounting for the imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA, the Bayesian posterior prevalence of FLUAV exposure among tested Italian dogs was 0.5% (PI: 0.1-1.4%). The study results indicate that screening with a cELISA for influenza A nucleoprotein antibody, followed by confirmatory testing with HI and/or FAT, is a highly sensitive and highly specific approach for diagnosing FLUAV exposure in dogs.

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“…Since then they have caused numerous outbreaks of infection in horses around the world with serious disease and economic consequences (2). In 2004, again in Florida, an H3N8 virus was isolated from an outbreak of canine influenza (3) and similar viruses have since been isolated from dogs in the United States and in Europe (4,5). Genetic comparisons indicate that the canine viruses are closely related to equine viruses that were in circulation in horses around 2000 (3,5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent evolution of equine influenza and the origin of canine influenza

Collins¹,

Vachieri²,

Haire³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Significance Equine influenza viruses of the H3N8 subtype have caused outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses throughout the world since their discovery in 1963 in Florida. In 2004 an equine virus in circulation was transmitted to dogs and subsequently spread throughout the United States and to Europe. Comparative analyses of the structures of hemagglutinin glycoproteins of equine and canine viruses by X-ray crystallography locate the sites of variation on the molecules, indicate a role in determining binding specificity for an amino acid sequence difference in the receptor binding site, and describe a unique structural difference in the membrane fusion region in recent equine and canine virus HAs by comparison with all other known HAs. These differences are proposed to have facilitated cross-species transfer.

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Transmission of Equine Influenza Virus to English Foxhounds

Cited by 138 publications

References 10 publications

Canine H3N8 Influenza Virus Infection in Dogs and Mice

Canine H3N8 Influenza Virus Infection in Dogs and Mice

A Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Antibodies to Influenza A Viruses in Dogs in Italy (2006–2008)

Recent evolution of equine influenza and the origin of canine influenza

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