Translocation of Phytoliths Within Natural Soil Profiles in Northeast China

Liu, Lidan; Li, Dehui; Jie, Dongmei; Liu, Hongyan; Gao, Guizai; Li, Nannan

doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01254

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Accumulating evidence points to the importance of organelle membrane contacts in response to various physiological or stress conditions (Helle et al, 2013; Liu & Li, 2019; Silva et al, 2020). To investigate the nature of chloroplasts association with haustoria/EHM, we used optical tweezers in combination with Total Internal Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRF) in CpGFP plants, infected with the wild-type P. infestans 88069, and transiently expressing the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM) marker, RFP:REM1.3 (Bozkurt et al, 2014).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroplasts alter their morphology and accumulate at the pathogen interface during infection byPhytophthora infestans

Savage

Duggan

Toufexi

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Chloroplasts are light harvesting organelles that arose from ancient 20 endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Upon immune activation, chloroplasts switch off 21 photosynthesis, produce anti-microbial compounds, and develop tubular 22 65 development relies on surface immune signalling, whereas the pathogen subverts this 66 remotely by switching off surface immune pulses. These results implicate chloroplast 67 photo-relocation machinery in plant focal immune responses and demonstrate that 68 chloroplasts play a direct role in antagonizing pathogen invasion.69 Results & Discussion: 70 To gain insights into defence-related chloroplast functions, we investigated chloroplast 71 dynamics during P. infestans infection of the solanaceous model plant Nicotiana 72 benthamiana. Confocal microscopy of infected leaf epidermal cells stably expressing 73 GFP in chloroplast stroma (CpGFP hereafter) revealed that chloroplasts accumulate at 74 58% of haustoria (n = 299 haustoria) (Fig. 1A-C). Notably, chloroplasts are mainly 75 positioned around infection sites, sieging haustoria in a highly dynamic fashion (Fig. 1C, 761E and Movie S1-3). Furthermore, compared to non-infected controls, we recorded a 5-77 fold increase in stromule formation in infected CpGFP cells ( Fig. 1A-B, 1D). Notably, 78 chloroplasts seized haustoria, tightly embracing the EHM through stromules that extend 79 and coil around the pathogen (Fig. 1A, 1C, Movie S3). Expression of the EHM marker 80 protein RFP:REM1.3 (Bozkurt et al., 2014) in infected CpGFP plants, allowed us to 81 collect further evidence that chloroplasts intimately associate with the EHM (Fig. S1, 82Movie S4). Remarkably, time lapse-microscopy showed that chloroplasts plunge towards 83 haustoria and embrace the EHM following haustorial penetration (Fig. 1E, Movie S5, Fig. 84 S2), suggesting that chloroplasts may participate in focal immunity. 85To determine the extent to which chloroplasts physically associate with the EHM, we 86 next employed optical tweezers in combination with Total Internal Fluorescence 87 Microscopy (TIRF) in infected CpGFP plants. Using optical tweezers, we successfully 88 trapped and moved 17% of chloroplasts (n = 29) in non-haustoriated cells, a distance 89 greater than the 10 μm threshold. In comparison, we were unable to trap and move any 90 chloroplasts (0%, n = 18) neighbouring haustoria past the threshold, indicating a strong 91 association between the chloroplasts and the EHM. Consistent with this, we recorded a 92 few instances where these chloroplasts were initially pulled away from the EHM, but 93 before they passed the distance threshold they escaped the trap and sprang back 94 towards their former position (22%, n = 18) ( Fig. 1G, Movie S6). Taken together, these 95 results demonstrate that chloroplasts mobilize towards haustoria and tightly embrace the 96 EHM through induction of stromules, possibly to increase the surface area of interaction, 97 in a manner similar to chloroplast-nucleus communication upon activation of antiviral 98 immunity (Kumar et al., 2018).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroplasts alter their morphology and accumulate at the pathogen interface during infection byPhytophthora infestans

Savage

Duggan

Toufexi

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Solos de textura arenosa e com elevadas taxas de percolação vertical podem carrear fitólitos pelo processo de eluviação e, em superfície a circulação lateral da água pode retirar os fitólitos, juntamente com as partículas mais finas por meio do processo de elutriação (RODRIGUES 2019). Estudos têm indicado que o tamanho do fitólito interfere na translocação dentro do perfil de solo (LIU et al 2019). Morfotipos menores se movimentam mais e o tipo de solo pode influenciar diretamente no transporte desses fitólitos (FISHKIS et al 2009).…”

Section: Preservaçãounclassified

“…O relevo é outro fator que afeta diretamente no transporte fitolítico, a erosão na vertente e o escoamento superficial transportam fitólitos para ambientes a jusante, o que pode gerar quebras (LIU et al 2019). Em ambientes fluviais há uma ressalva importante para estudos fitolíticos quanto a formação da assembleia preservada nos sedimentos fluviais.…”

Section: Preservaçãounclassified

Fitólitos – Uma ferramenta para estudos de reconstituição paleoambiental

Calegari¹,

Souza²,

Mozer³

et al. 2022

Derb.

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Os fitólitos são estruturas microscópicas de sílica (SiO2.nH2O) produzidos nos tecidos vegetais. O interesse pelo estudo dos fitólitos tem crescido significativamente nos últimos anos no Brasil e no mundo devido a sua grande variedade de usos, desde a arqueologia até a medicina legal e por sua natureza altamente interdisciplinar. A análise fitolítica recentemente tem sido entendida como uma superdisciplina, que perpassa por diferentes escalas de análise. Estudos referentes a produção de fitólitos, variações de forma e tamanho e, a análise/interpretação de assembleias preservadas em solos e sedimentos têm contribuído para a compreensão de questões paleoambientais e paleoarqueobotânicas. Com vistas a relevância e visibilidade que a análise de fitólitos tem apresentado, sobretudo no Brasil, se apresenta aqui uma revisão sobre os principais aspectos relacionados a essa técnica e as aplicações no Brasil.

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“…The phytolith concentrations were calculated as described by Albert et al (1999) and normalized to the number of phytoliths per gram of sediment. Because phytoliths are enriched in topsoils after decomposition of the plants (Liu et al, 2019), the predicted phytolith concentrations of the topsoils investigated here are regarded as the actual phytolith concentrations derived from the aboveground vegetation.…”

Section: Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Suitability of phytoliths as a quantitative process tracer for soil erosion studies

Kraushaar

Konzett

Kiep

et al. 2021

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Phytoliths are plant microfossils commonly used as qualitative archive markers in archaeological and paleoecological studies. Their potential uniqueness to the vegetation cover, robustness to weathering, and lack of chemical alteration along the transport paths make them potentially suitable tracers for quantitative erosion studies. In this pilot study, we explore the potential of phytoliths in a sediment fingerprinting study in the Ceguera catchment (28 km2) in NE Spain. The phytolith concentrations and morphologies of four land cover classes (agricultural land, badland, forest, and shrubland) were analysed, and their contributions to four natural sediment mixture samples along the river course were modelled. Phytolith concentrations allowed us to discriminate sources sufficiently, albeit with limited sample size. The performance of the phytoliths as tracer was tested by reproducing the sources of artificial sediment mixture samples with satisfactory recall ratio. Results identified badlands to be the main contributor, with 84–96% of the sediment load to the sinks, followed by shrublands (median 5%) and agricultural lands (median 2%). These major findings can be reproduced by other conventional erosion studies from this area, indicating that phytoliths are suited to quantifying erosion patterns in mesoscale catchments.

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Translocation of Phytoliths Within Natural Soil Profiles in Northeast China

Cited by 20 publications

References 50 publications

Chloroplasts alter their morphology and accumulate at the pathogen interface during infection byPhytophthora infestans

Chloroplasts alter their morphology and accumulate at the pathogen interface during infection byPhytophthora infestans

Fitólitos – Uma ferramenta para estudos de reconstituição paleoambiental

Suitability of phytoliths as a quantitative process tracer for soil erosion studies

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