Translocation of Calcium. Exchange versus Mass Flow

Bell, CJ; Biddulph, Orlin

doi:10.1104/pp.38.5.610

Cited by 141 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Ca transport in plants seems to be mediated by exchange reactions in the conducting tissue (1,4,17). The exchange is not specific.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The exchange is not specific. Ca ions can be freed for ascent by other divalent cations such as Sr, Mg, Mn, and Zn (1,23,24). Water and K are unable to free Ca from the exchange sites (1,24,26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ca ions can be freed for ascent by other divalent cations such as Sr, Mg, Mn, and Zn (1,23,24). Water and K are unable to free Ca from the exchange sites (1,24,26). Although the nature of the exchange sites is not known, the association of Ca with lignin (16) and with proteins of protoplasmic membranes (35) indicates these as possible sites.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Calcium Transport in Apple Trees

Shear

Faust

1970

Plant Physiol.

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45Ca, applied to roots of apple seedlings, moved readily to the developing leaves. Kinetin, benzyladenine, and B sprays increased movement. NO,-as the source of N increased movement and accumulation of Ca into mature leaves; NH4+ increased movement into new leaves. Translocation in the stem is effected by a nonspecific ion exchange. Any divalent cation can free Ca for ascent. The exchange may be a property of lignin. Genetic differences in the uptake and translocation of Ca exist among apple seedlings. Those which show juvenile leaf characteristics translocate Ca into mature leaves more readily. Translocation of Ca in woody species appears to be similar to that reported for herbaceous plants.Sufficient Ca in the fruit may prevent the development of several physiological disorders of the apple (10, 29). Ca may be translocated into the fruit for a short time only at the beginning of the growth of the fruit, or throughout the entire growing season (39). Occasionally, Ca may even decrease in the fruit, perhaps being transported back into the tree (39).Ca movement in the tree must be understood before Ca translocation into the fruit can be influenced. We grew the seedlings in solution culture with vigorous aeration in 1-liter brown plastic bottles. The composition of the nutrient solutions are given in Table I. Prior to this time, the seedlings had been grown for 6 to 8 weeks in flats of quartz sand or in aerated solution culture receiving the intermediate level of Ca, and N as } NH4+ and T NO3-. The solutions were changed weekly until the plants reached the height of 25 to 30 cm. Then 12 ,uc of 45Ca were added to the solution. Seedlings were harvested 1 week after the addition of 45Ca. Appropriate tissue samples were prepared for counting, and autoradiographs were made of the whole plants.In the soil experiment we grew the seedlings for 2 years in 3-gallon crocks of a soil-sand-peat mixture with which the following quantities of salts had been thoroughly mixed at planting time: KH2PO4, 10.5 g; Mg(OH)2, 4.5 g; Ca(OH)2, 4.5 g; and either NaNO3, 18 g; NH4N03, 9 g; or (NH4)2S04, 15 g. To inhibit the conversion of NH4+ to NO3-, 0.06 g of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine was mixed with the substrate. During the second growing season only the N sources in solution were added to the crocks at the following weekly rates: NaNO3, 15 g; NH4NO3, 7.1 g; or (NH4)2SO4, 6 g plus NH40H(28%), 10 ml.Autoradiographs were prepared by using 8 x 10-inch Kodak no-screen ready-pack X-ray film. Envelopes of film were opened; plants previously mounted on cardboard and dried were placed in the envelope; the envelope was sealed with black plastic tape; and the film was exposed for 1 week.Samples for radioactivity were counted in a planchet-counting system equipped with a gas flow detector. Ca in the leaves was analyzed with an "emission" spectrometer. Details of this analysis have been described previously (11).We measured Ca exchange from the sites by the use of 5-cm stem pieces from plants grown in 45Ca. Stems were inverted and t...

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“…Ca transport in plants seems to be mediated by exchange reactions in the conducting tissue (1,4,17). The exchange is not specific.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Calcium Transport in Apple Trees

Shear

Faust

1970

Plant Physiol.

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“…After additional experiments, Bell and Biddiilph (1) concludifed that caleiuim movement in xylem occurred in 2 phases: a) After calciuim enteredl the transpiration stream, it xA as boundcl on exchanige sites and theni ascenlded with aid of the transpiratiOln streanm xx-heln it was replaced by other :o0ns: h) Calcilm was removed from exchange sites to more immol)ile positions dule to ioIn uitilizationi by metabolizing cells anid depositioni in calciuim oxalate crystals.…”

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Dye and Calcium Ascent in Dogwood Trees

Thomas

1967

Plant Physiol.

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“…In phytoplasma infected plants the reduction of water and minerals transport was observed (Chowdappa et al 1995). Calcium long-distance transport takes place in xylem conducting elements (Bell and Biddulph 1963) and calcium ions are absorbed by cell wall anions (Dematry et al 1984;Ferguson and Bollard 1976). The presence of calcium antimonite deposits in xylem elements near the walls and in the intercellular spaces in infected roots cortex parenchyma, unlike in control plant, indicates changes in absorption ability of these walls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of ultrastructure and cytoplasmic free calcium in Gladiolus x hybridus Van Houtte roots infected by aster yellows phytoplasma

Rudzińska-Langwald

Kamińska

2011

Acta Soc Bot Pol

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Roots of Gladiolus x hybridusVan Houtte plants infected with aster yellows phytoplasma were examined. The infected plants had a reduced root system in comparison to control plants. Their roots were thinner and the stele organisation was changed. Phytoplasmas were present in sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma cells of the infected plant roots. Free calcium ions were localized in the cells of infected plants. Cells of the stele of infected roots, especially these infected with phytoplasmas, showed an increase of calcium antimonite deposits in theirs protoplasts. Also the number of calcium antimonite deposits increased in sieve tubes of infected roots. The deposits were present on plasma membrane, around the sieve tube plate and also in the lumen of the sieve tube. The increase of free calcium ions in sieve tubes did not cause the occlusion of sieve tube pores. Companion cells and some parenchyma cells with phytoplasmas did not react to phytoplasma infection with an increase of Ca 2+ ions in protoplast. The parenchyma cells showing signs of degeneration reacted with high increase of calcium ions. The Ca 2+ ions were present mainly in cytoplasm of infected parenchyma cells. There were calcium antimonite deposits in infected plant roots xylem elements and in intracellular spaces of cortex parenchyma. Such deposits were not present in control plants.KEY WORDS: phloem structure, calcium deposits, phytoplasma, aster yellows.

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Translocation of Calcium. Exchange versus Mass Flow

Cited by 141 publications

References 9 publications

Calcium Transport in Apple Trees

Calcium Transport in Apple Trees

Dye and Calcium Ascent in Dogwood Trees

Changes of ultrastructure and cytoplasmic free calcium in Gladiolus x hybridus Van Houtte roots infected by aster yellows phytoplasma

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