Translation and validation of body image instruments: An addendum to Swami and Barron (2019) in the form of frequently asked questions

Are some interoceptive sensibility components more central than others? Using item pool visualisation to understand the psychometric representation of interoception

“…Given the results from the CFA analyses in the present study, we suggest that future researchers should examine the dimensionality of scores on the measures from the present study in their target population. Alternative methods to CFA such as Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM) or Bayesian Structural Equation Modelling (BSEM) may be preferential for this work–particularly for the MAIA-2 –because ESEM and BSEM relax the requirements of zero-cross loadings and residual variances ([ 51 , 52 ], for further discussion, see [ 53 ]).…”

Dimensionality and psychometric properties of an Italian translation of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2): An assessment using a bifactor exploratory structural equation modelling framework

“…In contrast, ESEM is an analytic strategy that relaxes independent clusters model constraints by incorporating aspects of EFA (i.e., allowing for cross-loadings) and CFA (i.e., the use of advanced statistical methods; Marsh et al, 2013Marsh et al, , 2014Morin et al, 2013). ESEM has been shown to result in improved fit and less strongly correlated factors than CFA solutions (e.g., and has been recommended for the examination of factorial validity of multidimensional body image and body image-related instruments in place of CFA (Swami et al, 2021). Moreover, using ESEM in a second splithalf subsample also allows to cross-validate the findings from our initial EFA.…”

“…Some test adaptation studies have supported the parent 4-factor model through CFA (Bas et al, 2017;Carbonneau et al, 2016;Duarte et al, 2016;Nejati et al, 2021;Ruzanska & Warschburger, 2017;van Dyck et al, 2016), whereas two studies have supported the 4-factor model following omission of several items (Akırmak et al, 2020;da Silva et al, 2020). However, it is important to note that, because these studies have only examined the fit of the parent model, it is not possible to determine whether alternative models may have provided a better fit to the data (for discussions, see Swami & Barron, 2019;Swami et al, 2021). Indeed, where studies have used EFA or an EFA-to-CFA strategy, there have been difficulties replicating the 4-factor structure of IES-2 scores.…”

The Positive Body Image among Adolescents Scale (PBIAS): Conceptualization, development, and psychometric evaluation among adolescents from Belgium

“…For the purpose of offering the PBIAS to a wider audience of researchers, the Dutch PBIAS was translated to English following the recommendations of Swami et al (2021) in terms of best practices for translation of body image instruments. First, a forward-and backtranslation was adopted by the first, second, and last author of this article to translate the Dutch PBIAS to English.…”