Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) Worldwide: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Objective: This scoping review aims to provide a data mapping and narrative synthesis of the available peer-reviewed scientific literature on the translation and cultural adaptation processes relative to the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) as reported by the authors. It also seeks to paint an overall portrait of the implementation of the translated and culturally adapted ASQ worldwide. Methods: Articles published between 1995 and May 11, 2018, were identified via systematic searches of peer-reviewed literature carried out using CINAHL, Scopus, MEDLINE, Education Source, PsycINFO, and ERIC. The articles included in the qualitative synthesis were coded based on an extraction form developed for the study. Results: In the 46 articles surveyed, 37 different cultural adaptations were identified in 29 languages and 27 countries. Translations were included in 33 cultural adaptations, and language modifications were reported in 18 adaptations. The forward-backward translation method was reported in 25 cases. The authors declared having made cultural content, language, visual, and/or conceptual modifications in 26 adaptations. Cultural content modifications were reported in 24 adaptations. At least one method (pilot study, individual interview, survey or focus group with respondents) was reported in 24 adaptations. Conclusion: Cultural modifications were relatively minor and were, in general, made to establish equivalence with the source version. As well, the processes used to translate and culturally adapt the ASQ varied widely based on the types of methods. Additional work should be conducted to document the process of this crucial phase.

Early stimulation and responsive care: a mediator of caregivers’ depression on the suspected developmental delay of left-behind children in China

“…The third edition of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ-3), a validated tool to detect developmental delays in children aged 1 to 66 months, consists of a series of 21 age-appropriate questionnaires [14].…”

Predictive Validity of Developmental Screening Questionnaires for Identifying Children With Later Cognitive or Educational Difficulties: A Systematic Review

“…The use of DSQs has increased in recent years because of their acceptable psychometric properties, versatility, cost-effectiveness, and parent empowerment ( 16 – 19 ). These questionnaires have been validated in a range of cultural and linguistic contexts and are widely used around the world in general populations and clinical samples ( 20 – 23 ).…”

A multiphased cultural and contextual adaptation of the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status tools for a low‐income community: A South African case study

“…children in low-income communities is the lack of culturally and linguistically appropriate screening tools (Lipkin et al, 2020;Rousseau et al, 2021). As a result, tools developed in high-income countries are often translated and adapted for use in low-income countries (Munoz-Chereau et al, 2021).…”

“…Cultural adaptation involves careful deliberation of cultural values, customs and traditions, using appropriate knowledge and skill (Bernal & Domenech Rodríguez, 2012;Rousseau et al, 2021) while maintaining functional similarity with the original version of the tool.…”

“…It is a complex and demanding process that involves more than just language translation (Bernal & Domenech Rodríguez, 2012;Rousseau et al, 2021). There is no strong differentiation between translating a tool or culturally adapting a tool and therefore no clear guidelines for cultural adaptation of screening tools alone.…”