“…The working definition of translatability or untranslatability we are using in this paper is not a binary divide but is actually a spectrum, with untranslatability at zero and absolute translatability at 100. Scholars have adopted multiple theoretical approaches to analyze these issues (Large et al, 2019), including relevance theories (Xu and Gong, 2012), cross-cultural communication (Sun, 2012), factor analysis (Lee, 2012), otherness (Washbourne, 2015), dynamic equivalence (Lin and Zhao, 2017), and performability (Glynn and Hadley, 2021). However, a review of this literature shows that most studies include only macrolevel analysis, with an emphasis on cross-culture differences.…”