Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative

Thomsen, Anders F.; Kousholt, Birgitte S.

doi:10.3791/62099

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Acclimatization is important to eliminate changes in physiological parameters e.g. heart rate, cortisol levels and reduced feed intake caused through transport-associated stress and the new environment [ 80 , 85 ]. Moreover, in the acclimatization period piglets should get used to examinations by animal caretakers and veterinarians such as measurement of inner body temperature and palpation of joints [ 85 , 86 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…heart rate, cortisol levels and reduced feed intake caused through transport-associated stress and the new environment [ 80 , 85 ]. Moreover, in the acclimatization period piglets should get used to examinations by animal caretakers and veterinarians such as measurement of inner body temperature and palpation of joints [ 85 , 86 ]. Of note, piglets can be trained with a clicker and sweets to accept standing on a scale or application of drugs [ 85 ] to reduce handling stress.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, in the acclimatization period piglets should get used to examinations by animal caretakers and veterinarians such as measurement of inner body temperature and palpation of joints [ 85 , 86 ]. Of note, piglets can be trained with a clicker and sweets to accept standing on a scale or application of drugs [ 85 ] to reduce handling stress. Training of pigs prevents fear related behavior which could otherwise distort study results [ 85 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of note, piglets can be trained with a clicker and sweets to accept standing on a scale or application of drugs [ 85 ] to reduce handling stress. Training of pigs prevents fear related behavior which could otherwise distort study results [ 85 ]. However, certain stressful procedures like administration of the challenge strain or blood sampling from the V. cava cranialis are difficult to train.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies

Liedel,

Rieckmann,

Baums

2023

BMC Vet Res

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Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major pig pathogen worldwide with zoonotic potential. Though different research groups have contributed to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections in recent years, there are still numerous neglected research topics requiring animal infection trials. Of note, animal experiments are crucial to develop a cross-protective vaccine which is highly needed in the field. Due to the severe clinical signs associated with S. suis pathologies such as meningitis and arthritis, implementation of refinement is very important to reduce pain and distress of experimentally infected pigs. This review highlights the great diversity of clinical signs and courses of disease after experimental S. suis pig infections. We review clinical read out parameters and refinement strategies in experimental S. suis pig infections published between 2000 and 2021. Currently, substantial differences exist in describing clinical monitoring and humane endpoints. Most of the reviewed studies set the body temperature threshold of fever as high as 40.5°C. Monitoring intervals vary mainly between daily, twice a day and three times a day. Only a few studies apply scoring systems. Published scoring systems are inconsistent in their inclusion of parameters such as body temperature, feeding behavior, and respiratory signs. Locomotion and central nervous system signs are more common clinical scoring parameters in different studies by various research groups. As the heterogenicity in clinical monitoring limits the comparability between studies we hope to initiate a discussion with this review leading to an agreement on clinical read out parameters and monitoring intervals among S. suis research groups.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies

Liedel,

Rieckmann,

Baums

2023

BMC Vet Res

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“…Female crossbred Landrace/Yorkshire/Duroc pigs (≈40 kg) were acclimatized for 12 days before cardiac arrest according to our institute's animal welfare plan. 18 The pigs were fasted overnight with free access to water the day before cardiac arrest.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thiamine for the Treatment of Cardiac Arrest–Induced Neurological Injury: A Randomized, Blinded, Placebo‐Controlled Experimental Study

Vammen

Johannsen

Baltsen

et al. 2023

JAHA

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Background Thiamine supplementation has demonstrated protective effects in a mouse model of cardiac arrest. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of thiamine in a clinically relevant large animal cardiac arrest model. The hypothesis was that thiamine reduces neurological injury evaluated by neuron‐specific enolase levels. Methods and Results Pigs underwent myocardial infarction and subsequently 9 minutes of untreated cardiac arrest. Twenty minutes after successful resuscitation, the pigs were randomized to treatment with either thiamine or placebo. All pigs underwent 40 hours of intensive care and were awakened for assessment of functional neurological outcome up until 9 days after cardiac arrest. Nine pigs were included in both groups, with 8 in each group surviving the entire intensive care phase. Mean area under the curve for neuron‐specific enolase was similar between groups, with 81.5 μg/L per hour (SD, 20.4) in the thiamine group and 80.5 μg/L per hour (SD, 18.3) in the placebo group, with an absolute difference of 1.0 (95% CI, −57.8 to 59.8; P =0.97). Likewise, there were no absolute difference in neurological deficit score at the end of the protocol (2 [95% CI, −38 to 42]; P =0.93). There was no absolute mean group difference in lactate during the intensive care period (1.1 mmol/L [95% CI, −0.5 to 2.7]; P =0.16). Conclusions In this randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled trial using a pig cardiac arrest model with myocardial infarction and long intensive care and observation for 9 days, thiamine showed no effect in changes to functional neurological outcome or serum levels of neuron‐specific enolase. Thiamine treatment had no effect on lactate levels after successful resuscitation.

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Reporting of 3Rs Approaches in Preclinical Animal Experimental Studies—A Nationwide Study

Kousholt,

Præstegaard,

Stone

et al. 2023

Animals

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The 3Rs aim to refine animal welfare, reduce animal numbers, and replace animal experiments. Investigations disclose that researchers are positive towards 3Rs recommendations from peers. Communication of 3Rs approaches via primary preclinical animal experimental literature may become a fast-forward extension to learn relevant 3Rs approaches if such are reported. This study investigates 3Rs-reporting in peer-reviewed preclinical animal research with at least one author affiliated to a Danish university. Using a systematic search and random sampling, we included 500 studies from 2009 and 2018. Reporting was low and improvement over time limited. A word search for 3R retrieved zero results in 2009 and 3.2% in 2018. Reporting on 3Rs-related sentences increased from 6.4% in 2009 to 18.4% in 2018, “reduction” increased from 2.4% to 8.0%, and “refinement” from 5.2% to 14.4%. Replacement was not reported. Reporting of the methodology was missing. For “reduction”, methodology was mentioned in one study in 2009 and 11 studies in 2018, and for “refinement” in 9 and 21, respectively. Twenty-one studies stated compliance with ARRIVE-guidelines or similar without disclosure of details. Reporting of 3Rs approaches in preclinical publications is currently insufficient to guide researchers. Other strategies, e.g., education, interdisciplinary collaboration, and 3Rs funding initiatives, are needed.

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Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies

A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies

Thiamine for the Treatment of Cardiac Arrest–Induced Neurological Injury: A Randomized, Blinded, Placebo‐Controlled Experimental Study

Reporting of 3Rs Approaches in Preclinical Animal Experimental Studies—A Nationwide Study

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