“…The accurate placement and the determination of the electrical characteristics of the arresters organize critical issues that involve appropriate theoretical substantiation. This is reached by implementing simulation procedures, precision of which depends on the used equivalent circuit models (Bedoui and Bayadi, 2019; Jacqmaer et al , 2009; Li et al , 2021; Zhao and Magoulès, 2012; Zhou et al , 2020). Suitable equivalent models have been represented by many researchers to compute the SA residual voltage for fast-front current waves (Fernandez and Diaz, 2001; Pinceti and Giannettoni, 1999; Application of Surge Protective Devices Subcommittee, 2023).…”