Transforming vulnerability: shelter, adaptation, and climate thresholds

Moench, Marcus; Khan, Fawad; MacClune, Ken; Amman, Caspar; Tran, Phong; Hawley, Kate

doi:10.1080/17565529.2015.1067592

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…2,62,[64][65][66] But there is less scope for housing modifications to keep down extreme heat. 67 Local funds can enhance low-income households' resilience by supporting them to upgrade or to get or build better housing. One example of this is the Akiba Mashinani Trust (AMT), which provides funding and financial services to the Kenyan Homeless People's Federation (Muungano wa Wanavijiji), a federation of autonomous savings groups with over 60,000 members from informal settlements across Kenya.…”

Section: Government Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements

et al. 2020

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Approximately 1 billion people currently live in informal settlements, primarily in urban areas in low-and middle-income countries. Informal settlements are defined by poor-quality houses or shacks built outside formal laws and regulations. Most informal settlements lack piped water or adequate provision for sanitation, drainage, and public services. Many are on dangerous sites because their inhabitants have a higher chance of avoiding eviction. This paper considers how to build resilience to the impacts of climate change in informal settlements. It focuses on informal settlements in cities in low-and middle-income countries and how these concentrate at-risk populations. This paper also reviews what is being done to address climate resilience in informal settlements. In particular, community-and city-government-led measures to upgrade settlements can enhance resilience to climate-change risks and serve vulnerable groups. It also discusses how the barriers to greater scale and effectiveness can be overcome, including with synergies with the Sustainable Development Goals. Rapid Urbanization and Growth of Informal SettlementsThe current urban population is approximately 4.4 billion people globally. About 3.4 billion people currently live in urban centers in what the United Nations (UN) terms ''less developed regions.'' 1 UN projections suggest that urban population growth in ''less developed regions'' will be over 2 billion people by 2050 and that close to 90% of this increase will be in Asia and Africa. This means that another 2 billion urban dwellers will require housing, basic services, and resilience to climate-change impacts. 1 At present, approximately 1 billion urban dwellers live in what are termed informal settlements in poor-quality houses or shacks. 2 Informal settlements fall outside formal laws and regulations on land ownership, land use, and buildings. Their illegality makes government agencies unable or unwilling to work with them. These are settlements to which city governments have not extended what the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) terms risk-reducing infrastructure (paved roads, storm and surface drainage, piped water, etc.) and services relevant to resilience (including healthcare, emergency services, and rules of law). 2 Many informal settlements are ill prepared for climate change and face particularly high risks of floods and landslides as a result of poor-quality buildings and a lack of infrastructure to prevent flooding, withstand heavy storms, and cope with heat waves. 2 In the absence of more effective policies, most of the world's growth in urban population will be accommodated in informal settlements. Given the projected rates and regions of urban population growth by 2050, there is an urgent need to build resilience to climate change in these settlements and to do so at scale. There is also an urgent need to vastly expand the supply and reduce the cost of ''formal'' (i.e., legal) housing that provides low-income groups with safer and more accessible alternatives to...

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Section: Government Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements

et al. 2020

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“…The extent of informal employment is 82% in South Asia and 65% in East Asia and Southeast Asia (Chen, Roever, and Skinner 2016). Exposure to extreme heat varies depending on the type of work conducted (Moench et al 2017) and the intensity of that work. Heat is especially a threat for people who perform manual labor outdoors-such occupations may include construction work, rickshaw pulling, bicycle taxi driving, street vending, and urban agriculture labor.…”

Section: Most Nonagricultural Employment Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heat-related losses to incomes can increase food insecurity (Patel 2018). Additional household expenditure in response to heat recorded in Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, and Multan (Pakistan) included cost of treating heat-related illnesses; cost of treating other diseases and conditions worsened by heat; purchasing ice and clothing to protect against heat; increased electricity costs; and investments to reduce heat in homes, such as installing double roofs, painting rooftops white, and increasing ventilation (Moench et al 2017). Increased domestic conflict has also been related to high temperature events (Deng et al 2020).…”

Section: Extreme Heat Exposure Also Occurs In F O R M a L L Y C O N S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beating the Heat

2022

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The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "country" in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

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“…Their simulation results showed that fisheries and other ocean-related industries would be highly vulnerable and may not recover simply with the fiscal support of Hakodate. In addition to the abovementioned econometrics, the vulnerability index (VI) has been discussed through many perspectives, such as the climate vulnerability index through GIS hazard mapping (Yusuf and Francisco 2009;Peduzzi, Dao, Herold et al 2009;Moench, Khan, MacClune et al 2017), livelihood vulnerability index to identify administrative level with socioeconomic and biophysical datasets (Shah, Dulal, Johnson et al 2013;Mainali and Pricope 2019), and flood vulnerability to estimate the sub-catchment effect (Balica and Wright 2010;Balica, Wright, and Van der Meulen 2012;Karmaoui and Balica 2019). These multidisciplinary approaches to measuring the VI imply quantitative implications for disaster risk management.…”

Section: Review On Disaster Impact Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tsunami Impact Assessment and Vulnerability Index Development using Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model and Geographic Information System (GIS) – A Study on Mie Prefecture, Japan

Tanaka¹,

Shiiba²,

Huang³

2021

IDRiM Journal

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Japan is highly prone to multiple natural hazards, such as typhoons, earthquakes, and tsunamis in general. However, the compound disaster that entailed earthquake, tsunami, and a nuclear crisis, along with disruption of the global supply chain triggered by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, highlighted the need for a holistic risk assessment of impacts amplified by multiple disasters. According to the Cabinet Office of Japan, the occurrence probability of a Nankai Trough Earthquake and Tsunami is 70% within the next 30 years. It suggests the need for comprehensive impact assessment to enhance the disaster risk reduction strategies of the region. This study conducts a tsunami impact assessment using quantitative analysis to identify vulnerable industries in Mie Prefecture, Japan, famous for tourism, valueadded sectors of aquaculture, food processing, and petroleum refining tanks situated in at-risk areas. To create a tsunami shock scenario, we apply a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model using an input-output table of the Mie Prefecture (2015 version) and geographic information system (GIS). The street-level business entity data enable us to incorporate with the disaster scenario to provide evidence-based damage estimates of capital and labor loss due to a tsunami. We present the simulation results of output change, price change, external trade, and welfare analysis and propose creating a vulnerability index (VI) for disaster impact. These quantified and visualized indicators would provide informative implications for ex-ante policymaking and risk financing to cope with fragile sectors effectively.

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Transforming vulnerability: shelter, adaptation, and climate thresholds

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements

Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements

Beating the Heat

Tsunami Impact Assessment and Vulnerability Index Development using Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model and Geographic Information System (GIS) – A Study on Mie Prefecture, Japan

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