2009
DOI: 10.1186/bcr2224
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Transforming growth factor-β in breast cancer: too much, too late

Abstract: The contribution of transforming growth factor (TGF)β to breast cancer has been studied from a myriad perspectives since seminal studies more than two decades ago. Although the action of TGFβ as a canonical tumor suppressor in breast is without a doubt, there is compelling evidence that TGFβ is frequently subverted in a malignant plexus that drives breast cancer. New knowledge that TGFβ regulates the DNA damage response, which underlies cancer therapy, reveals another facet of TGFβ biology that impedes cancer … Show more

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Cited by 179 publications
(145 citation statements)
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“…However, because of the two different types of effects of TGF-β as reported during cancer, the role of TGF-β in breast cancer still remains elusive. At early stages of the breast cancer, TGF-β is shown to inhibit epithelial cell proliferation and act as a tumor suppressor, whereas at later stages of the disease, TGF-β is shown to function as a tumor promoter (38,39). Furthermore, the action of TGF-β is shown to be dependent on the ER status of the breast cancer cells.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, because of the two different types of effects of TGF-β as reported during cancer, the role of TGF-β in breast cancer still remains elusive. At early stages of the breast cancer, TGF-β is shown to inhibit epithelial cell proliferation and act as a tumor suppressor, whereas at later stages of the disease, TGF-β is shown to function as a tumor promoter (38,39). Furthermore, the action of TGF-β is shown to be dependent on the ER status of the breast cancer cells.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…44,45 At this point, the role of TGF-β switches to a tumor promoter. It is now well accepted that during early stage of breast tumor growth, TGF-β functions as tumor suppressor, whereas at an advanced stage there is a switch of TGF-β function toward malignant progression that increases invasive phenotypes and metastasis (reviewed in 46 ). Moreover, TGF-β signaling plays an essential role in promoting self-renewal of cancer-initiating cells.…”
Section: Asa Prevents Mda-mb-231 Tumor Xenograft Cell Migration and Pmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the normal mammary gland, TGF-β controls tissue homeostasis by inhibiting cell cycle progression, inducing differentiation and apoptosis, and maintaining genomic integrity (Barcellos-Hoff and Akhurst, 2009). In breast cancer, higher levels of TGF-β are often detected in tumors when compared to corresponding normal mammary gland tissue, and it appears even higher in the most advanced stages of tumor progression (Gorsch et al, 1992;Tan et al, 2009).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%