“…A number of factors have been shown to regulate SR expression. In addition to modified or oxidized low-density lipoproteins, cytokines (Bottalico et al, 1991 ; Geng and Hansson, 1992 ; de Villiers et al, 1994 ; Hsu et al, 1996 ; Yesner et al, 1996 ; Khovidhunkit et al, 2001 ; Murphy et al, 2005 ; Hashizume and Mihara, 2012 ), including macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IFN-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1, IL-4, and IL-6, hormones (testosterone and estrogen; Langer et al, 2002 ; Srivastava, 2003 ), cell differentiation transcription factors [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) α and γ; Chinetti et al, 2000 ], antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, kaempferol; Svensson et al, 2002 ; Li et al, 2013 ), endotoxin (LPS; Khovidhunkit et al, 2001 ; Baranova et al, 2002 ; Park et al, 2012 ), and bacteria or dead or apoptotic cells (Grolleau et al, 2003 ), also affect SRs expression.…”