Transformation of Aerosol Chemical Properties due to Transport Over a City

Lammel, Gerhard; Engelhardt, Thomas; Leip, Adrian; Neusüß, Christian; Röhrl, A.; Wehner, B.; Wiedensohler, Alfred; Wieser, P.

doi:10.1007/s10874-005-7646-1

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…Depending on meteorological conditions, SO 2 to sulfate conversion rates of 1–5% per hour have been estimated ( U.S. EPA 2004 ), implying that some conversion already occurs at scales of 10–50 km (a typical wind speed is 10 km/hr). A study in Berlin, Germany, documented measurable sulfate formation within 50 km of the source ( Lammel et al 2005 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural-Cause Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Particle Components: An Analysis of 19 European Cohorts within the Multi-Center ESCAPE Project

Beelen

Hoek

Raaschou-Nielsen

et al. 2015

Environ Health Perspect

142

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BackgroundStudies have shown associations between mortality and long-term exposure to particulate matter air pollution. Few cohort studies have estimated the effects of the elemental composition of particulate matter on mortality.ObjectivesOur aim was to study the association between natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to elemental components of particulate matter.MethodsMortality and confounder data from 19 European cohort studies were used. Residential exposure to eight a priori–selected components of particulate matter (PM) was characterized following a strictly standardized protocol. Annual average concentrations of copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc within PM size fractions ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ≤ 10 μm (PM10) were estimated using land-use regression models. Cohort-specific statistical analyses of the associations between mortality and air pollution were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models using a common protocol followed by meta-analysis.ResultsThe total study population consisted of 291,816 participants, of whom 25,466 died from a natural cause during follow-up (average time of follow-up, 14.3 years). Hazard ratios were positive for almost all elements and statistically significant for PM2.5 sulfur (1.14; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.23 per 200 ng/m3). In a two-pollutant model, the association with PM2.5 sulfur was robust to adjustment for PM2.5 mass, whereas the association with PM2.5 mass was reduced.ConclusionsLong-term exposure to PM2.5 sulfur was associated with natural-cause mortality. This association was robust to adjustment for other pollutants and PM2.5.CitationBeelen R, Hoek G, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Stafoggia M, Andersen ZJ, Weinmayr G, Hoffmann B, Wolf K, Samoli E, Fischer PH, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Xun WW, Katsouyanni K, Dimakopoulou K, Marcon A, Vartiainen E, Lanki T, Yli-Tuomi T, Oftedal B, Schwarze PE, Nafstad P, De Faire U, Pedersen NL, Östenson C-G, Fratiglioni L, Penell J, Korek M, Pershagen G, Eriksen KT, Overvad K, Sørensen M, Eeftens M, Peeters PH, Meliefste K, Wang M, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Sugiri D, Krämer U, Heinrich J, de Hoogh K, Key T, Peters A, Hampel R, Concin H, Nagel G, Jaensch A, Ineichen A, Tsai MY, Schaffner E, Probst-Hensch NM, Schindler C, Ragettli MS, Vilier A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Declercq C, Ricceri F, Sacerdote C, Galassi C, Migliore E, Ranzi A, Cesaroni G, Badaloni C, Forastiere F, Katsoulis M, Trichopoulou A, Keuken M, Jedynska A, Kooter IM, Kukkonen J, Sokhi RS, Vineis P, Brunekreef B. 2015. Natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to particle components: an analysis of 19 European cohorts within the Multi-Center ESCAPE Project. Environ Health Perspect 123:525–533; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408095

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural-Cause Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Particle Components: An Analysis of 19 European Cohorts within the Multi-Center ESCAPE Project

Beelen

Hoek

Raaschou-Nielsen

et al. 2015

Environ Health Perspect

142

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“…Similar to mineral dust, biological particles can also be coated with inorganic and organic material in the atmosphere [ DeMott et al , 2003; Lammel et al , 2005]. We are not aware of any studies in which the ice nucleation properties of uncoated and coated biological particles were directly compared.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sulfate coatings on the ice nucleation properties of a biological ice nucleus and several types of minerals

Chernoff¹,

Bertram²

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] An optical microscope coupled to a flow cell was used to study the ice nucleation properties of uncoated and coated mineral dust and SNOMAX (a proxy for biological ice nucleators made from cells of Pseudomonas syringae) at temperatures ranging from 234 to 247 K. We define the onset conditions as the relative humidity (RH) and temperature at which the first ice nucleation event was observed. The results show that H 2 SO 4 coatings modified the ice nucleation properties of all the minerals studied. For kaolinite and illite, the acid coatings increased the RH over ice (RH i ) required for ice nucleation by ∼30% RH i ; for montmorillonite and quartz, the acid coatings increased the RH i by ∼20% RH i . NH 4 HSO 4 coatings also influenced the ice nucleation properties of kaolinite particles. In addition, our results indicate that SNOMAX is a reasonably good ice nucleus, having onset values between 110 to 120% RH i . In contrast to the mineral studies, sulfuric acid coatings did not hinder the ice nucleating ability of SNOMAX particles. Combined, our results support the idea that anthropogenic emissions of SO 2 and NH 3 may influence the ice-nucleating properties of mineral dust particles. From our laboratory data, we also determined contact angles ( ) between the heterogeneous nuclei and ice embryos according to classical nucleation theory to parameterize the laboratory data for inclusion in atmospheric models. The data show that for uncoated ice nuclei the contact angles are small (below ∼20°), but for mineral particles coated with sulfuric acid, the contact angles are larger (above ∼60°).Citation: Chernoff, D. I., and A. K. Bertram (2010), Effects of sulfate coatings on the ice nucleation properties of a biological ice nucleus and several types of minerals,

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“…They scatter incoming and outgoing radiation and act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and without them cloud formation could not take place ( − ). They can also have a negative effect on human health since epidemiological studies indicate damaging effects on respiratory and cardiovascular systems of people with heart and lung diseases ( − ). Up to 50% of atmospheric aerosol particle mass can be attributed to organic compounds emitted either by biogenic or anthropogenic sources ( − ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Analysis of Oligomeric Molecules Formed from the Reaction Products of Oleic Acid Ozonolysis

Reynolds

McGillen²,

Nijs³

et al. 2006

Environ. Sci. Technol.

110

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The products arising from the ozonolysis of oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) in solution have been studied using negative ion mode electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. Oleic acid is an important component of atmospheric organic aerosol and is a key model species in predicting aerosol physical and chemical characteristics. The four predicted reaction products, 1-nonanal, nonanoic acid, 9-oxononanoic acid, and azelaic acid, were all observed in roughly equal yields. In addition to these products a large number of higher molecular weight compounds were detected with m/z ratios of up to 1000 Daltons. Tandem mass spectrometry of these larger ions revealed thatthey represented a complex mixture of linear alpha-acyloxyalkyl hydroperoxides, secondary ozonides, and cyclic diperoxides, formed by reactions between ozonolysis products and Criegee intermediates. These comprise the first directly elucidated structures of large oligomeric species from oleic acid ozonolysis. The degree of oligomerization and hence molecular weight distribution was observed to increase with reaction time in solution.

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Transformation of Aerosol Chemical Properties due to Transport Over a City

Cited by 9 publications

References 46 publications

Natural-Cause Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Particle Components: An Analysis of 19 European Cohorts within the Multi-Center ESCAPE Project

Natural-Cause Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Particle Components: An Analysis of 19 European Cohorts within the Multi-Center ESCAPE Project

Effects of sulfate coatings on the ice nucleation properties of a biological ice nucleus and several types of minerals

Structural Analysis of Oligomeric Molecules Formed from the Reaction Products of Oleic Acid Ozonolysis

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