Transferrin in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), up-regulated upon infection and development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae)

Paily, K. P.; Kumar, B. A.; Balaraman, K

doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0474-2

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Anti-parasitic molecules have been reported to be upregulated in mosquitoes, especially in Cx. quinquefasciatus, after infection with filarial parasite (Paily et al 2007). Bacterial challenge of mosquitoes followed by an infectious blood meal containing either the filarial worm B. malayi or the malaria parasite P. gallinaceum have been shown to result in a significantly reduced intensity of infection in the vector mosquitoes, and it has been suggested that defensin plays a significant role in parasite reductions (Lowenberger et al 1996(Lowenberger et al , 1999.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus sphaericus in the adults of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes emerged from treated larvae and its effect on development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti

et al. 2011

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Bacillus sphaericus is a bio-control agent effective against Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of bancroftian filariasis. Apart from its larvicidal effect, there are reports of reduced infection of filarial parasites in mosquitoes exposed to it. In the present study, adults of Cx. quinquefasciatus emerged from B. sphaericus treated larvae were fed on blood samples positive for microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti and examined at various time intervals to assess the infection level. The rate of infection was reduced from 95% on day 1 post-feeding to 75% on day 13, when fed with blood sample containing 41 mf/20 μl. The mean parasite burden was also reduced from 4.9 per mosquito on day 1 to 2.15 on day 13. When fed with another sample (30 mf/20 μl), the infection was reduced from 100% on day 1 to 80% on day 13. Reduction in parasite burden was 4.0 to 1.75. Abnormally developed second-stage larvae of the parasite were seen in treated mosquitoes. Thus, the results indicated adverse effect of B. sphaericus treatment on infection and development of the filarial parasite in mosquitoes. The possible reason for the parasite regulation was studied through the assessment of the carryover of the bacterium as well as its toxins to the surviving mosquitoes. The presence of B. sphaericus was determined through plating of homogenate of survived mosquitoes on NYSM agar. Toxic protein was detected through immunoblotting. The bacterium as well as its 41.9-kDa toxic protein was found to be transmitted from larvae to adults and affected the parasite development, directly by the toxin or indirectly by eliciting humoral immune response of the mosquito.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus sphaericus in the adults of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes emerged from treated larvae and its effect on development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti

et al. 2011

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“…Feeding of C. quinquefasciatus on W. bancrofti mf positive blood for a second time did not increase the burden of infective stage in the mosquitoes, above that found after a single feeding, indicating the operation of some sort of regulatory mechanism of the parasite burden due to their preexposure to the parasite infection (Paily et al 1995a). This regulation could be due to the immune response of the preexposed mosquitoes as there are reports of visible changes in the hemocyte populations of W. bancrofti infected C. quinquefasciatus that lead to the production or up-regulation of immune molecules (Paily et al 2005b;2007).…”

Section: Mosquito Susceptibility and Host Range Of Different Species/mentioning

confidence: 97%

A review of the complexity of biology of lymphatic filarial parasites

2009

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There are about five more common, including Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, and four less common filarial parasites infecting human. Genetic analysis of W. bancrofti populations in India showed that two strains of the species are prevalent in the country. The adult filarial parasites are tissue specific in the human host and their embryonic stage, called microfilariae (mf), are found in the blood or skin of the host, depending upon the species of the parasite. Three genetically determined physiological races exist in W. bancrofti and B. malayi, based on the microfilarial periodicity. They are the nocturnally periodic, nocturnally subperiodic and diurnally subperiodic forms. The susceptibility of a mosquito species to filarial infection depends on various factors, which could be genetic, physiological or physical. Survival analysis of Culex quinquefasciatus infected with W. bancrofti showed that the parasite load in the mosquito is a risk factor of vector survival. The extrinsic life cycle of the parasite is initiated when the mf are ingested by a mosquito vector during feeding on the host blood. On maturity, most of the infective L3 stage larvae migrate to the head and proboscis of the mosquito to get transmitted to the mammalian host during subsequent feeding. They develop to the adult L5 stage and the period of development and the longevity of the parasites varies according to the species of the nematode and the mammalian host. The rate of production of mf by the adult female was found to be stable at least for a period of five years. The life span of the mf has some influence on the dynamics of transmission of filariasis. Recent studies show that the endosymbiont, Wolbachia, plays an important role in the survival of filarial parasites. The possibility of in vitro and in vivo culture of filarial parasites is also reviewed.

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“…precursor is up-regulated in the haemocyte of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus upon infection [21]. Transferrin release is reduced in nocodazole and cytochalasin b treated haemocytes by approximately 60%.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Effect Of Nocodazole And Cytochalasin B On Pmentioning

confidence: 98%

Disruption of haemocyte function by exposure to cytochalasin b or nocodazole increases the susceptibility of Galleria mellonella larvae to infection

Banville

Fallon

McLoughlin

et al. 2011

Microbes and Infection

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Administration of non-toxic concentrations (10 mM) of cytochalasin b and nocodazole to larvae of Galleria mellonella increased their susceptibility to infection by the yeast Candida albicans. These agents were found to inhibit the process of phagocytosis and to reduce the killing ability of haemocytes. In addition, both cytochalasin b and nocodazole reduced the release of antimicrobial peptides (e.g. apolipophorin 3) and enzymes (e.g. serine protease) from PMA stimulated haemocytes. Rhodamine coupled phalloidin staining revealed reduced F-actin formation in haemocytes treated with nocodazole or cytochalasin b. By disrupting the formation of F-actin cytochalasin b and nocodazole have the ability to retard the function of haemocytes, in the same manner as they affect mammalian neutrophils, and thus increase the susceptibility of larvae to infection. The results presented here demonstrate that haemocytes are sensitive to inhibition by nocodazole and cytochalasin b, in a similar manner to neutrophils, thus highlighting another similarity between both cell types and so increasing the attractiveness of using insects as alternative models to the use of mammals for in vivo pathogen or drug screening.

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Transferrin in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), up-regulated upon infection and development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae)

Cited by 27 publications

References 18 publications

Bacillus sphaericus in the adults of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes emerged from treated larvae and its effect on development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti

Bacillus sphaericus in the adults of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes emerged from treated larvae and its effect on development of the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti

A review of the complexity of biology of lymphatic filarial parasites

Disruption of haemocyte function by exposure to cytochalasin b or nocodazole increases the susceptibility of Galleria mellonella larvae to infection

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