Transference of 3D accelerations during cross country mountain biking

Macdermid, Paul W.; Fink, Philip W.; Stannard, Stephen R.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.024

Cited by 44 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…These vibrations are produced via the interaction of tyre surface area with trail surface [8] and are the very same thing that promote the sports osteogenic effect [4]. As such, the vibrations mountain bikers are exposed to are complex in nature, containing many frequencies (generally <50 Hz) in all directions and ranging in amplitude (rms) from 15-20 m·s -1 at the handlebar and 20-30 m·s -1 at the seat post [8].…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ergonomic Interventions, Health and Injury Prevention during Off-Road Mountain Biking

Macdermid¹

2015

J Ergonomics

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EditorialHalf of all Americans participated in outdoor recreation activities during 2013, of which 16% or 46.6 million (older than 6 yrs) take part in cycling (Road, Mountain bike, or BMX). Excursions totalled at 2.7 billion and ranked it 2 nd for number of outings (887.9 million) for ages 6-17 yrs [1]. This presents a positive picture in regards to health promotion, yet there are concerns regarding bone health and excessive time spent in a weight supported position in road cyclists [2]. On the other hand, mountain bikes are the most popular bike ridden in the western world [3]. This discipline of cycling not only improves cardiovascular health, but also provides an osteogenic effect greater than both road cycling and normal recreational activity [4].However, this sport does come with it's own risk and the overall injury rate is classed as very high, with 16.8 injuries per 1,000 h exposure [5]. While the majority of these injuries are acute, traumatic, and isolated to the minority [3], it is expected that many overuse injuries are not reported. This is supported by data showing 51.4% of participants completing an endurance mountain bike race suffered symptoms of overuse, particularly in the lower back, buttocks, knees and wrists [6]. Similarly, participants exposed to 4h of intense mountain biking suffered benign paroxysmal positional vertigo without any prior symptoms [7].Purportedly, such negative effects are primarily due to the nonpropulsive work demand caused by shock attenuation, a consequence of negotiating obstacles, and the continuous damping of vibrations. These vibrations are produced via the interaction of tyre surface area with trail surface [8] and are the very same thing that promote the sports osteogenic effect [4]. As such, the vibrations mountain bikers are exposed to are complex in nature, containing many frequencies (generally <50 Hz) in all directions and ranging in amplitude (rms) from 15-20 m·s -1 at the handlebar and 20-30 m·s -1 at the seat post [8].The energy from such oscillating movements must be absorbed or else result in little or no wheel contact, albeit for a very short period of time. Even so, during these small epochs, the transfer of energy from the drive mechanism to the tyre-trail surface interaction cannot occur.In order to negate this negative effect, the bikes mechanical parts and bike rider's soft tissue, absorbs energy in a damping mechanism enabling more efficient forward momentum and thus prevents injury to the axial skeleton. This occurs in the mechanical-biological system, particularly at the point of contact including handlebar-arm; pedalfoot-leg; and saddle-lower back [8]. It is reflected by an increase in upper body muscular work done [9] and likely plays a part in overall decreased economy during off-road compared to road cycling. The continuous nature of which leads to overuse injuries at the joints.Therefore, the challenge for the mountain bike industry is to provide a bicycle that interacts in the most efficient and safe manner with regards to performance and ...

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Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This occurs in the mechanical-biological system, particularly at the point of contact including handlebar-arm; pedalfoot-leg; and saddle-lower back [8]. It is reflected by an increase in upper body muscular work done [9] and likely plays a part in overall decreased economy during off-road compared to road cycling.…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ergonomic Interventions, Health and Injury Prevention during Off-Road Mountain Biking

Macdermid¹

2015

J Ergonomics

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“…Cycling is considered a non-impact sport, in which the body of the cyclist is constantly affected by vibration [4,5]. Injuries in cyclists are divided into acute trauma (caused by a fall, traffic accident, or using improper bicycle equipment) and chronic overuse injuries [6,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overuse and acute injuries can be caused by unsuitable preparation for cycling (lack of warm-up, use of wrong equipment), poor riding technique, including inappropriate body position [10,11,12,13]. The nature of the terrain used for riding a bicycle also affects the injury incidence (falling from a bicycle, vibration) [4,7]. Overuse injuries are more common than acute traumas in mountain bikers who ride on mixed terrain [7,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overweight and obesity vs. simple carbohydrates consumption by elderly people suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system

Skop-Lewandowska

Zając

Kolarzyk

2017

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction. The number of cyclists increases each year. Some people treat cycling as a passion and practice it at every possible occasion, while for others it is a mean of transport or a form of relaxation at the weekend. However, very few people realize that cycling can also have a negative impact on their health. Objective. To assess the prevalence of lower extremity and spine pain in cyclists, and evaluate the influence of various factors causing it. Materials and method. The study was performed on 167 subjects during amateur cycling competitions in the Greater Poland and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Provinces. A specially prepared questionnaire was used in the study. The questions related to the pain caused by cycling, the character and the localization of the pain, and the presence of warm-up and stretching. Results. Knee pain was reported in 40% of the study subjects (mostly anterior pain -26%). Spine pain was reported in 41% of the studied athletes, where 26% was related with the lumbar spine. Variables, such as age, weight, age, BMI, training experience and number of hours devoted to training per week had no influence on the incidence and the localization of leg pain, but it had influence in the case of spine pain. Stretching after cycling was the factor which significantly distinguished the studied groups with regard to the incidence of knee pain. Conclusions. The most common type of leg pain was knee pain (anterior knee pain) whereas spine pain was most commonly reported in the lumbar spine. Statistical analysis showed that spine pain is more often reported by people who are older, have higher weight, and people who spend more time training per week. Warm-up and stretching after cycling are recommended to cyclists who experience pain.

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“…While many turn to cycling for its rehabilitative potential in comparison to impact sports such as running, the rate of injury in cycling is still rather high [1] and especially so in mountain biking (MTB) [2][3][4][5][6]. While traumatic injuries often receive the most attention, instances of overuse injuries are of particular concern in mountain biking as symptoms can often go unnoticed [2,3,5].In this respect MTB participants are subjected to vibrations from the grounds that are transferred from terrain surface-bicycle-rider [7,8]. These movements have the potential for causing disturbances to the central nervous system and have been linked to transient vertigo [6].…”

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confidence: 99%

Ergonomic Strategies Related To Health and Efficiency in Mountain Biking

Miller¹,

Macdermid²

2015

Ergonomics

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EditorialCycling is a popular recreational and competitive sport with many physical and cardiovascular benefits. While many turn to cycling for its rehabilitative potential in comparison to impact sports such as running, the rate of injury in cycling is still rather high [1] and especially so in mountain biking (MTB) [2][3][4][5][6]. While traumatic injuries often receive the most attention, instances of overuse injuries are of particular concern in mountain biking as symptoms can often go unnoticed [2,3,5].In this respect MTB participants are subjected to vibrations from the grounds that are transferred from terrain surface-bicycle-rider [7,8]. These movements have the potential for causing disturbances to the central nervous system and have been linked to transient vertigo [6]. However, it is understood that the human body adopts an autonomic strategy to dissipate the majority of these vibrations, apparent by reductions in accelerations prior to reaching the lumbar spine and head [7]. While safer for the user, this reduces overall metabolic efficiency by demanding more energy from the body without contributing to propulsive work [9][10][11][12][13][14][15].Anecdotally, MTB participants stand on their pedals during passage over bumpy terrain in order to alleviate discomfort and presumably to improve performance. While it is known that cyle ergometry in the standing position is energetically more demanding than sitting [16,17] due to the additional demand for postural support, little is understood about such mechanics during MTB where standing could negate the cost of damping impacts and vibrations that occurs.With this in mind, a recent pilot study was completed to assess the efficacy of riding over bumpy terrain in both seated and standing positions. Accelerations in the horizontal and vertical planes were measured in accordance with previous investigations [7,9] across fifteen trials each at a controlled speed with two participants on a rigid MTB. The trials showed greater vertical vibration exposure at the handlebar, wrist and seat post during the standing compared to seated condition (Figure 1).Similar to other studies [7,9], these accelerations were significantly attenuated prior to reaching the lower back and head but interestingly, accelerations were greater for both lumbar and head during the seated trial. This indicates that the body is subjected to greater accelerations whilst negotiating bumpy terrain in a standing position when compared to seated position highlighting some interesting points worth discussing. However, the standing bicyclist is better able to dissipate the energy transferred from surface-terrain and thus reduces the risk of damage to the central nervous system or brain. Figure 1: Mean ± s amplitude (RMS) for vertical accelerations during seated and standing trials. signifies seated position. ⧠ signifies standing position. $$$$ (P<0.0001) main effect of body position; ☠☠☠☠(P<0.0001) main effect of accelerometer location; ★★★★ (p<0.0001) interaction between body position*accelerometer...

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Transference of 3D accelerations during cross country mountain biking

Cited by 44 publications

References 24 publications

Ergonomic Interventions, Health and Injury Prevention during Off-Road Mountain Biking

Ergonomic Interventions, Health and Injury Prevention during Off-Road Mountain Biking

Overweight and obesity vs. simple carbohydrates consumption by elderly people suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system

Ergonomic Strategies Related To Health and Efficiency in Mountain Biking

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