Transfer Factor: Delayed Hypersensitivity to
            <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>
            and Tuberculin in
            <i>Macaca mulatta</i>

Maddison, Shirley E.; Hicklin, Martin D.; Conway, Brian; Kagan, Irving G.

doi:10.1126/science.178.4062.757

Cited by 47 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In a few instances, recipients of transfer factor have developed delayed reactivities to antigens to which the cell donors were unresponsive [53,82], and recently, a similar phenomenon has been observed in rhesus monkeys given dialyzable transfer factor from nonsensitized donors [64]. Touraine et al [103] have reported that recipients of transfer factor became responsive to chlorodinitrobenzene, an antigen to which the donors were not sensitive.…”

Section: Immunologic Properties O F Transfer Factor: the Problem O F mentioning

confidence: 88%

Treatment of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases with Transfer Factor

Kirkpatrick¹,

Gallin²

1974

Oncology

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The efficacy of restoration of cellular immunity in therapy of patients with certain chronic in-infectious or neoplastic diseases is under evaluation in several centers. Theoretically, a substance such as transfer factor is an ideal candidate for this therapy. Transfer factor, a dialyzable substance from blood leukocytes, selectively endows recipients with the cellular immune responses of the leukocyte donors, but does not induce antibody synthesis. Moreover, it does not contain intact leukocytes and therefore does not sensitize the recipient to HL-A antigens and cannot induce graft versus hostdisease. This review summarizes the current status of transfer factor therapy and points out the need for controlled clinical trials.

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Section: Immunologic Properties O F Transfer Factor: the Problem O F mentioning

confidence: 88%

Treatment of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases with Transfer Factor

Kirkpatrick¹,

Gallin²

1974

Oncology

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“…Finally, the model had to be reproducible and had to provide a quantifiable measure of CMI. Many antigens which work well in humans give poorly quantifiable results in monkeys (14). To fulfill all ofthese criteria, we chose skin sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) as our model system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Sensitization to Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on Clinical Pathology Parameters and Mitogen-Mediated Blastogenesis in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca, fascicularis)

et al. 1990

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Immunotoxicologic testing of drug candidates and environmental contaminants is of growing importance. Cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (OTH) is a convenient way of testing immune function in vivo.However, OTH testing must not interfere with interpretation of other relevant parameters. We have evaluated the effects of sensitization and challenge with dinitrochlorobenzene (ONCB) on clinical parameters routinely evaluated in toxicity testing and on lectin-mediated blastogenesis. Female cynomolgus monkeys were sensitized to ONCB with 4 daily applications of ONCB in acetone to the skin of the axilla. Fifteen days later, the monkeys were challenged for OTH by applying ONCB to the antecubital skin. Skin fold thickness was measured and the macroscopic appearance of the challenge site was scored 24 and 48 hr after challenge. All 5 monkeys were successfully sensitized to ONCB. There was a significant increase in the mean skin fold thickness (compared to pre-challenge thickness) of 2 mm at 24 hr and 1 mm at 48 hr (p < 0.001). The clinical score of the challenge site was also increased. Histologic examination of the sensitization and challenge sites from a second group of monkeys exposed to ONCB in an identical manner showed the perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrate typical of OTH. Evaluation of hematologic parameters at days 7, 14, and 21 revealed no change in the erythron at any interval and a mild decrease in total WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts on day 7 in 4/5 monkeys. The WBC parameters remained within the normal range and returned to pre-sensitization values at the later intervals. Clinical biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney function were evaluated at the same intervals and no changes were found. The blastogenic response of peripheral blood leukocytes to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen was mildly but not significantly decreased at day 7 but not on day 14 or 21. This study has shown that sensitization to ONCB in cynomolgus monkeys is a reliable means of evoking a OTH response which is quantifiable. It has also shown that sensitization and challenge with ONCB can be incorporated into toxicity studies without confounding interpretation of other toxicity data.

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“…Although several workers have reported successful transfers, neither the phenomenon nor the molecule are understood (1). A major problem has been the lack of easily reproduced transfers of cellular immunity by immune cell extracts in animal systems (2)(3)(4)(5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Guinea pig transfer factor-like activity detected in vitro.

Dunnick¹,

Bach²

1975

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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"Transfer factor" was prepared by Sephadex G-25 chromatography of lymph node cell lysates from guinea pigs immunized with ovalbumin or bovine gamma globulin. Treatment of nonimmune peritoneal exudate cells with the transfer factor and specific antigen leads to inhibition of miration of the cells, whereas cells treated with the transfer factor alone or specific antigen alone are not inhibited from migrating. An average of 24-28% inhibition is observed in the presence of transfer factor and specific antigen, but only 5-15% inhibition in the presence of transfer factor and nonspecific antigen. The guinea pig transfer factor we have tested in vitro has some physical characteristics in common with human transfer factor.Transfer factor is defined as the dialyzable portion of human leukocyte extracts that transfers cellular immunity from immune to nonimmune individuals. This material is prepared from white blood cells of donors with positive skin tests and tested by injection into recipients with negative skin tests. At some later time, the recipients are skin tested; a successful transfer is indicated by erythema and induration 24 hr later at the site of antigen injection. Although several workers have reported successful transfers, neither the phenomenon nor the molecule are understood (1). A major problem has been the lack of easily reproduced transfers of cellular immunity by immune cell extracts in animal systems (2-5).We have studied a dialyzable activity of guinea pig immune cell lysates by an in vitro correlate of cellular immunity, the macrophage migration inhibition test. In this test, immune peritoneal exudate cells incubated with specific antigen are inhibited from migrating when compared to immune cells incubated with no antigen or a nonspecific antigen. Nonimmune peritoneal exudate cells migrate the same distance in the presence and absence of antigen. Thus, one might test the ability of transfer factor to convert nonimmune cells to the immune state by monitoring the migration inhibition "responses" to antigen of nonimmune cells treated with transfer factor. Since we test the "transfer factor" exclusively in vitro, the molecule or molecules we study may not be the same as those defined as transfer factor in human systems.Fireman et al. (6) and Asher et al. (7) have tested human transfer factor by the blastogenesis test, an in vitro correlate of cellular immunity. Their results indicate that preparations of human transfer factor, active in vivo, may also be active in vitro.MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Transfer Factor. Fourteen days after footpad injection of ovalbumin (OA) or bovine gamma globulin (BGG) in complete Freund's adjuvant (8), a cell suspension in 4.0 ml of Hanks' balanced salt solution (Gibco) was prepared from the draining lymph nodes of a Hartley guinea pig. The cells were lysed by 10 freeze-thaw cycles, and centrifuged at 700 X g for 20 min at 220. The resulting supernatant was centrifuged at 20,000 X g for 40 min at 40, and the final supernatant was lyophilized, redissolved...

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Transfer Factor: Delayed Hypersensitivity to Schistosoma mansoni and Tuberculin in Macaca mulatta

Cited by 47 publications

References 9 publications

Treatment of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases with Transfer Factor

Treatment of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases with Transfer Factor

Effects of Sensitization to Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on Clinical Pathology Parameters and Mitogen-Mediated Blastogenesis in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca, fascicularis)

Guinea pig transfer factor-like activity detected in vitro.

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