Transdermal patches: history, development and pharmacology

Pastore, Michael; Kalia, Yogeshvar N.; Horstmann, Michael; Roberts, Michael S.

doi:10.1111/bph.13059

Cited by 415 publications

(318 citation statements)

References 235 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

279

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Topical products are known to have existed since the dawn of time and have evolved through empirical dosage forms, sophisticated manufacturing and appropriate in silico, in vitro as well as in vivo studies to provide the range of sophisticated products on the market today (Pastore et al, 2015). Various mathematical and quantitative structure penetration models have been used to describe percutaneous absorption over the ages, directed particularly by the work of Takeru and William Higuchi, Alan Michaels and Robert Scheuplein in the 1960s and 1970s (Roberts, 2013Scheuplein, 2013;Scheuplein and Blank, 1971).…”

Section: In Silico Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-animal models of epithelial barriers (skin, intestine and lung) in research, industrial applications and regulatory toxicology

Gordon

Daneshian

Bouwstra

et al. 2015

ALTEX

122

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryModels of the outer epithelia of the human body -namely the skin, the intestine and the lung -have found valid applications in both research and industrial settings as attractive alternatives to animal testing. A variety of approaches to model these barriers are currently employed in such fields, ranging from the utilization of ex vivo tissue to reconstructed in vitro models, and further to chip-based technologies, synthetic membrane systems and, of increasing current interest, in silico modeling approaches. An international group of experts in the field of epithelial barriers was convened from academia, industry and regulatory bodies to present both the current state of the art of non-animal models of the skin, intestinal and pulmonary barriers in their various fields of application, and to discuss research-based, industry-driven and regulatory-relevant future directions for both the development of new models and the refinement of existing test methods. Issues of model relevance and preference, validation and standardization, acceptance, and the need for simplicity versus complexity were focal themes of the discussions. The outcomes of workshop presentations and discussions, in relation to both current status and future directions in the utilization and development of epithelial barrier models, are presented by the attending experts in the current report.

show abstract

Section: In Silico Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-animal models of epithelial barriers (skin, intestine and lung) in research, industrial applications and regulatory toxicology

Gordon

Daneshian

Bouwstra

et al. 2015

ALTEX

122

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Tobacco harvesters who neither smoked nor chewed tobacco have been found to have elevated levels of urinary cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, after handling green tobacco leaves (Gelbach et al, 1975). Transdermal patches are commonly used to deliver nicotine therapeutically (Pastore et al, 2015). Despite this knowledge, the air-to-skin-to blood pathway has been ignored in exposure assessments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air and clothing

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this preliminary study, we have investigated whether dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air or indirectly from clothing can be a meaningful exposure pathway. Two participants wearing only shorts and a third participant wearing clean cotton clothes were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), generated by mechanically “smoking” cigarettes, for three hours in a chamber while breathing clean air from head-enveloping hoods. The average nicotine concentration (420 μg/m3) was comparable to the highest levels reported for smoking sections of pubs. Urine samples were collected immediately before exposure and 60 hour post-exposure for bare-skinned participants. For the clothed participant, post-exposure urine samples were collected for 24 hour. This participant then entered the chamber for another three-hour exposure wearing a hood and clothes, including a shirt that had been exposed for five days to elevated nicotine levels. The urine samples were analyzed for nicotine and two metabolites—cotinine and 3OH-cotinine. Peak urinary cotinine and 3OH-cotinine concentrations for the bare-skinned participants were comparable to levels measured among non-smokers in hospitality environments before smoking bans. The amount of dermally absorbed nicotine for each bare-skinned participant was conservatively estimated at 570 μg, but may have been larger. For the participant wearing clean clothes, uptake was ~20 μg, and while wearing a shirt previously exposed to nicotine, uptake was ~80 μg. This study demonstrates meaningful dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air or from nicotine-exposed clothes. The findings are especially relevant for children in homes with smoking or vaping

show abstract

“…Patches can be defined as a flexible, medicated adhesive of varying size containing one or more drug substances that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose into systemic circulation. 7 The aim of this study was to formulate ATO in suitable transdermal patches as an alternative route of drug administration having sustained effect, enhancing patient compliance and avoiding oral administration drawbacks. Physicomechanical evaluation, physical and chemical compatibility and in vitro drug release will be evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biochemical Evaluation of Atorvastatin Transdermal Patches

Shehata¹,

Mohafez²,

Hanieh³

2018

IJPER

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Atorvastatin is a lipid lowering agent and widely used to treat hypercholestermia. However following oral administration, the bioavailability of the drug is only 12% due to extensive first pass metabolism. The aim of the current research was to formulate ATO-transdermal patches utilizing various polymers combinations. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with either eudragit RS100 or Polyvinylpyrrolidone were mixed in different ratios, in presence of polyethylene glycol 400 as plasticizer. The patches were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Physicomechanical parameters such as, drug content, patch thickness, tensile strength, moisture loss and moisture gained were evaluated. Additionally drug excipient compatibility was assessed by FTIR and DSC. In vitro drug release was measured in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 37 °C. Finally, biochemical evaluation of the best formulae was evaluated on hyperlipidemic-induced rats. The results indicated that, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose: Polyvinylpyrrolidone in a ratio of 3:1 showed the most appropriate physicomechanical characters with confirmed physical and chemical drug-polymer compatibility. In addition, the in-vitro experiment showed enhanced atorvastatin release over 24 hr. The pharmacological evaluation of F2 formula indicated a significant hypolibedimic effect compared to orally administered atorvastatin. The results revealed that, atorvastatin transdermal patch could be considered as promising drug delivery system for hyperlipidemic patients.

show abstract

Transdermal patches: history, development and pharmacology

Cited by 415 publications

References 235 publications

Non-animal models of epithelial barriers (skin, intestine and lung) in research, industrial applications and regulatory toxicology

Non-animal models of epithelial barriers (skin, intestine and lung) in research, industrial applications and regulatory toxicology

Measurements of dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air and clothing

Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biochemical Evaluation of Atorvastatin Transdermal Patches

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About