Measurements of dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air and clothing

Bekö, Gabriel; Morrison, Glenn; Weschler, Charles J.; Koch, Holger M.; Pälmke, Claudia; Salthammer, Tunga; Schripp, Tobias; Toftum, Jørn; Clausen, Geo

doi:10.1111/ina.12327

Cited by 45 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…Peak concentrations in the 12‐ or 24‐hour pooled urine samples of the bare‐skinned participants (between 10 and 85 ng/mL, data not shown) were similar to those of the 2 bare‐skinned participants in Bekö et al and comparable to levels measured among non‐smokers in hospitality environments before the smoking ban. Peak concentration in the individual urine samples was slightly higher (nicotine: 102 ng/mL [P3], 89 ng/mL [P4]; cotinine: 71 ng/mL [P3], 38 ng/mL [P4]; 3OH‐cotinine: 123 ng/mL [P3], 68 ng/mL [P4]), approaching levels measured in light smokers .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…S4). Urine samples were analyzed for nicotine and 2 of its metabolites, cotinine and 3‐hydroxycotinine (including their conjugates after enzymatic hydrolyzes) via LC‐MS with isotope dilution quantification, as described in Bekö et al The limits of quantification for nicotine, cotinine, and 3‐hydroxycotinine were 0.10, 0.05, and 0.12 μg/L, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We estimated the amount of nicotine absorbed by assuming that 90% of nicotine and its metabolites are excreted via urine and that the 3 metabolites and their conjugates constitute 85% of metabolites excreted in urine . We then subtracted the amount of nicotine inhaled from hood air (IU), calculated by the following equation:

IU = BR \times C_{normalair} \times f \times t = 9 μ g,

where BR is the breathing rate (0.7 m 3 /h), C air is the average air concentration in the hood (3.7 μg/m 3 ), f is the fraction of inhaled nicotine that is absorbed (0.7; see Bekö et al for details), and t is the exposure time (5 hours).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Morrison et al showed that clean clothing can impede, while clothing that has previously absorbed/adsorbed indoor air pollutants can increase dermal uptake. We have recently demonstrated dermal uptake of airborne nicotine directly from air or from exposed clothing . The air‐to‐skin‐to‐blood pathway may also be relevant with regard to thirdhand smoke, which can be associated not only with indoor surfaces but also skin and clothes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The preliminary study of nicotine absorption from air by Bekö et al was performed on 2 bare‐skinned and 1 clothed participant. Daily pooled urine samples were collected over 60 hours after a 3‐hour exposure in a climate chamber, where nicotine was dosed by continuous smoking of cigarettes using a smoking machine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dermal uptake of nicotine from air and clothing: Experimental verification

et al. 2017

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This study aims to elucidate in greater detail the dermal uptake of nicotine from air or from nicotine-exposed clothes, which was demonstrated recently in a preliminary study. Six non-smoking participants were exposed to gaseous nicotine (between 236 and 304 μg/m ) over 5 hours while breathing clean air through a hood. Four of the participants wore only shorts and 2 wore a set of clean clothes. One week later, 2 of the bare-skinned participants were again exposed in the chamber, but they showered immediately after exposure instead of the following morning. The 2 participants who wore clean clothes on week 1 were now exposed wearing a set of clothes that had been exposed to nicotine. All urine was collected for 84 hours after exposure and analyzed for nicotine and its metabolites, cotinine and 3OH-cotinine. All participants except those wearing fresh clothes excreted substantial amounts of biomarkers, comparable to levels expected from inhalation intake. Uptake for 1 participant wearing exposed clothes exceeded estimated intake via inhalation by >50%. Biomarker excretion continued during the entire urine collection period, indicating that nicotine accumulates in the skin and is released over several days. Absorbed nicotine was significantly lower after showering in 1 subject but not the other. Differences in the normalized uptakes and in the excretion patterns were observed among the participants. The observed cotinine half-lives suggest that non-smokers exposed to airborne nicotine may receive a substantial fraction through the dermal pathway. Washing skin and clothes exposed to nicotine may meaningfully decrease exposure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

IU = BR \times C_{normalair} \times f \times t = 9 μ g,

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dermal uptake of nicotine from air and clothing: Experimental verification

et al. 2017

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Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen

Salthammer

Zhang

et al. 2018

Angewandte Chemie

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Die Rolle von Chemikalien in Innenraumumgebungen ist seit langem Gegenstand der Forschung. Die meisten der potenziellen Zielsubstanzen sind leichtflüchtige, flüchtige und schwerflüchtige organische Verbindungen (VVOCs, VOCs und SVOCs). In Abhängigkeit von ihren physikalischen Eigenschaften und Stoffübergangsbedingungen verteilen sie sich in oder zwischen der Gasphase, der Partikelphase, dem Hausstaub, Oberflächenfilmen, der Kleidung und anderen Textilien sowie Haut und Haaren der Bewohner. Demzufolge müssen Inhalation, Ingestion und dermale Aufnahme als relevante Wege für die Expositions‐Charakterisierung im Wohnbereich berücksichtigt werden. Die Exposition mit VVOCs, VOCs und SVOCs kann durch Messung ihrer Konzentrationen in den jeweiligen Innenraumkompartimenten oder durch Bestimmung der Zielverbindungen und/oder ihrer Metaboliten im Urin oder Blut erfasst werden. Die verschiedenen Expositionswege erfordern oft die Kombination eines komplexen und interdisziplinären theoretischen Hintergrunds mit experimentellen Methoden. Demzufolge bedarf es einer engen Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit zwischen Chemikern und Expositionsforschern, um ein besseres Verständnis der Humanexposition mit chemischen Substanzen in verschiedenen Innenraumumgebungen zu erlangen. Eingebettet in den toxikologischen Kontext ist dies die Grundlage für die Erfassung von Gesundheitsrisiken und die Bestimmung von Kontrollstrategien oder ‐ansätzen zur Begrenzung solcher Risiken.

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Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment

et al. 2018

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There is an ongoing probing of the role of chemicals in the indoor environment. The majority of potential target substances are so-called very volatile, volatile, and semi-volatile organic compounds (VVOCs, VOCs, and SVOCs). Depending on their physical properties and the mass transfer conditions, they are distributed in or between the gas phase, particle phase, settled house dust, surface films, clothing, and other fabrics as well as the exposed skin and hair of the occupants themselves. Therefore, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal uptake all must be considered as relevant pathways for exposure assessment in human habitats. Exposure to VVOCs, VOCs, and SVOCs can be estimated by measuring their concentrations in relevant indoor compartments or by determining the amounts of the target compounds and/or their metabolites in urine and blood. Assessing the various routes of exposure often requires a combination of sophisticated and interdisciplinary theoretical background and experimental techniques. Consequently, close communication and collaboration between chemical and exposure scientists are needed to achieve a better understanding of human exposure to chemical substances in various indoor environments. Embedded in the toxicological context, this is the basis for assessing the corresponding health risks and for determining control strategies or approaches to limit such risks.

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Measurements of dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air and clothing

Cited by 45 publications

References 46 publications

Dermal uptake of nicotine from air and clothing: Experimental verification

Dermal uptake of nicotine from air and clothing: Experimental verification

Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen

Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment

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