Abstract:Juglans mandshurica Maxim is a hermaphroditic plant belonging to the genus Juglans in the family Juglandaceae. The pollination period of female flowers is different from the loose powder period of male flowers on the same tree. In several trees, female flowers bloom first, whereas in others, male flowers bloom first. In this study, male and female flower buds of J. mandshurica at the physiological differentiation stage were used. Illumina-based transcriptome sequencing was performed, and the quality of the seq… Show more
“…We identified several auxins, brassinosteroid, salicylic acid, ABA, gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and cytokinin-related DEGs that might play essential regulatory functions during flower ‘organs’ development in A. amurensis . The functions of phytohormones in regulating reproductive processes have been widely studied and discussed [ 1 , 11 , 47 , 48 ].…”
Understanding flower developmental processes is a prerequisite for improving flowering ‘plants’ production. Adonis amurensis is a fascinating spring ephemeral plant that develops its flower organs underground. Nevertheless, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms driving this particular process is scarce. Herein, we examined transcriptional changes during underground flower differentiation in A. amurensis and unveiled key differently regulated genes and pathways. High-throughput RNA sequencing of meristems at different flower developmental stages, including flower primordium (FP), sepal stage (SE), perianth primordium (PE), stamen stage (ST), and pistil stage (PI), identified 303,234 unigenes that showed 44.79% similarity with sequences in Aquilegia coerulea. Correlations, principal component, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analyses revealed that few molecular changes occurred during the transition from PE to ST. Many DEGs exhibited stage-specific regulations. Transcription factor (TF) and phytohormone family genes are critical regulators of the floral differentiation process in A. amurensis. The most differentially regulated TFs were MADS, FAR1, MYBs, AP2/ERF, B3, C2H2, and LOBs. We filtered out 186 candidate genes for future functional studies, including 18 flowering/circadian-related, 32 phytohormone-related, and TF family genes. Our findings deepen our understanding of the underground flower differentiation process and offer critical resources to dissect its regulatory network in A. amurensis. These findings establish a foundational platform for researchers dedicated to exploring the unique phenotypic characteristics of this specific flowering modality and delving into the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning its regulation and expression.
“…We identified several auxins, brassinosteroid, salicylic acid, ABA, gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and cytokinin-related DEGs that might play essential regulatory functions during flower ‘organs’ development in A. amurensis . The functions of phytohormones in regulating reproductive processes have been widely studied and discussed [ 1 , 11 , 47 , 48 ].…”
Understanding flower developmental processes is a prerequisite for improving flowering ‘plants’ production. Adonis amurensis is a fascinating spring ephemeral plant that develops its flower organs underground. Nevertheless, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms driving this particular process is scarce. Herein, we examined transcriptional changes during underground flower differentiation in A. amurensis and unveiled key differently regulated genes and pathways. High-throughput RNA sequencing of meristems at different flower developmental stages, including flower primordium (FP), sepal stage (SE), perianth primordium (PE), stamen stage (ST), and pistil stage (PI), identified 303,234 unigenes that showed 44.79% similarity with sequences in Aquilegia coerulea. Correlations, principal component, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analyses revealed that few molecular changes occurred during the transition from PE to ST. Many DEGs exhibited stage-specific regulations. Transcription factor (TF) and phytohormone family genes are critical regulators of the floral differentiation process in A. amurensis. The most differentially regulated TFs were MADS, FAR1, MYBs, AP2/ERF, B3, C2H2, and LOBs. We filtered out 186 candidate genes for future functional studies, including 18 flowering/circadian-related, 32 phytohormone-related, and TF family genes. Our findings deepen our understanding of the underground flower differentiation process and offer critical resources to dissect its regulatory network in A. amurensis. These findings establish a foundational platform for researchers dedicated to exploring the unique phenotypic characteristics of this specific flowering modality and delving into the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning its regulation and expression.
“…We accessed mRNA transcriptome sequence data from floral tissues of J. mandshurica from Qin et al . (2021) and Li et al .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We verified that the difference in allele-specific depth is not a mapping artefact by mapping the reads to assemblies of both haplotypes. Each unique tissue is described to have 3 biological replicates, although relatedness estimates indicate that a subset of samples may represent the same genotype. Figure S11: Reanalysis of RNA-seq experiment from Qin et al . (2021).…”
The maintenance of stable mating type polymorphisms is a classic example of balancing selection, underlying the nearly ubiquitous 50/50 sex ratio in species with separate sexes. One lesser known but intriguing example of a balanced mating polymorphism in angiosperms is heterodichogamy - polymorphism for opposing directions of dichogamy (temporal separation of male and female function in hermaphrodites) within a flowering season. This mating system is common throughout Juglandaceae, the family that includes globally important and iconic nut and timber crops - walnuts (Juglans), as well as pecan and other hickories (Carya). We show that two distinct genetic systems control heterodichogamous mating systems in these genera. In each genus, we find ancient (>50Mya) structural variants that segregate as trans-species polymorphisms. TheJuglanslocus maps to a ca. 20kb structural variant adjacent to gene with likely function in the trehalose-6-phosphate signaling pathway, which is known to regulate flowering time in Arabidopsis and inflorescence architecture in maize. Notably, an insertion in the dominant (protogynous) haplotype contains 8-12 complex tandem duplicates of the 3’ UTR of the gene, and transpecies polymorphism within the gene is restricted to the 3’ UTR. In contrast, theCaryaheterodichogamy locus maps to a ca. 200-450 kb cluster of tightly linked polymorphisms across 20 genes, some of which have known roles in flowering and are differentially expressed between morphs in floral primordia. The dominant (protogynous) haplotype in pecan, which is nearly always heterozygous and appears to rarely recombine, shows reduced genetic diversity and is over twice as long as its recessive counterpart due to proliferation of multiple transposable element families. We did not detect either genetic system in another heterodichogamous genus within the Juglandaceae, suggesting that additional genetic systems for heterodichogamy may yet remain undiscovered.
“…Auxin (IAA) is a key hormone that determines growth and developmental dominance and seriously affects cucumber sex differentiation ( Qin et al., 2021 ). As early as the 1950s and 1960s, it was found that a certain concentration of IAA could increase the female/male flower ratio and promote female flower differentiation in cucumber under in vitro conditions, while the growth hormone content in all-female cucumber plants was higher than that in dioecious homozygous plants ( Galun et al., 1965 ; Rudich et al., 1972 ; Shekari et al., 2019 ).…”
Section: Hormonal Regulation Of Sex Differentiation In Cucumbermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As early as the 1950s and 1960s, it was found that a certain concentration of IAA could increase the female/male flower ratio and promote female flower differentiation in cucumber under in vitro conditions, while the growth hormone content in all-female cucumber plants was higher than that in dioecious homozygous plants ( Galun et al., 1965 ; Rudich et al., 1972 ; Shekari et al., 2019 ). In female cucumber flowers, the IAA content was higher than that in male flowers, and the IAA content determined the direction of sex differentiation in cucumber ( Chen et al., 2002 ; Qin et al., 2021 ). It was shown that the male buds of cucumber could be converted into female flower buds by adjusting the IAA concentration ( Galun et al., 1962 ; Cebrián et al., 2022 ).…”
Section: Hormonal Regulation Of Sex Differentiation In Cucumbermentioning
Cucumber belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae (melon genus) and is an annual herbaceous vegetable crop. Cucumber is an important cash crop that is grown all over the world. From morphology to cytology, from canonical genetics to molecular biology, researchers have performed much research on sex differentiation and its regulatory mechanism in cucumber, mainly in terms of cucumber sex determination genes, environmental conditions, and the effects of plant hormones, revealing its genetic basis to improve the number of female flowers in cucumber, thus greatly improving the yield of cucumber. This paper reviews the research progress of sex differentiation in cucumber in recent years, mainly focusing on sex-determining genes, environmental conditions, and the influence of phytohormones in cucumber, and provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the realization of high and stable yield cultivation and molecular breeding of cucumber crop traits.
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