Transcriptome Analysis of the Carmine Spider Mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval, 1867) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and Its Response toβ-Sitosterol

Abstract

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a worldwide polyphagous agricultural pest that has the title of resistance champion among arthropods. We reported previously the identification of the acaricidal compound β-sitosterol from Mentha piperita and Inula japonica. However, the acaricidal mechanism of β-sitosterol is unclear. Due to the limited genetic research carried out, we de novo assembled the transcriptome of T. cinnabarinus using Illumina sequencing and conducted a differential expression analysis of control and β-sitosterol-treated mites. In total, we obtained >5.4 G high-quality bases for each sample with unprecedented sequencing depth and assembled them into 22,941 unigenes. We identified 617 xenobiotic metabolism-related genes involved in detoxification, binding, and transporting of xenobiotics. A highly expanded xenobiotic metabolic system was found in mites. T. cinnabarinus detoxification genes—including carboxyl/cholinesterase and ABC transporter class C—were upregulated after β-sitosterol treatment. Defense-related proteins, such as Toll-like receptor, legumain, and serine proteases, were also activated. Furthermore, other important genes—such as the chloride channel protein, cytochrome b, carboxypeptidase, peritrophic membrane chitin binding protein, and calphostin—may also play important roles in mites' response to β-sitosterol. Our results demonstrate that high-throughput-omics tool facilitates identification of xenobiotic metabolism-related genes and illustration of the acaricidal mechanisms of β-sitosterol.

Transcriptome Profiling Analysis of Wolf Spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae) after Cadmium Exposure

“…Additionally, 41,716 (68.96%) were not annotated and may represent genes without detectable homologies. The number of annotated unigenes is lower than the results reported by other research groups for other invertebrate species [23,24], indicating that our knowledge of P. pseudoannulata genes is limited. Further research is needed to characterize these genes and explore their functions.…”

“…Numerous studies focused on metal transporters in both plants and animals have been reported [19,23,39,40]. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family transporters are important heavy metal transporters and interact with a wide range of chemicals including metals by pumping them across the cell membrane to maintain of cellular metal homeostasis [41,42].…”

RNA sequencing, de novo assembly, and functional annotation of an endangered Nymphalid butterfly, Fabriciana nerippe Felder, 1862

“…2B). The average length of unigenes in our sequencing and assembly data was higher than Nilaparvata lugens (434 bp) (Xue et al 2010) and Plutella xylostella larval midgut transcriptome (416 bp) (Xie et al 2012) and lower than Tetranychus cinnabarinus transcriptome (1468 bp) (Bu et al 2015) conducted using Illumina NGS.…”

“…) and lower than Tetranychus cinnabarinus transcriptome (1468 bp) (Bu et al . ) conducted using Illumina NGS.…”

“…In some instances, unigene sequences greater than 1 kb were considered for screening of SSRs . The different selection criteria for SSRs may explain the relatively lower abundance of SSRs discovered from other insect transcriptomes (Wei et al 2013;Bu et al 2015).…”