Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Working Memory Training to Address Language Impairments in Aphasia: A Case Study

Abstract

Background. Traditionally, people with aphasia (PWA) are treated with impairment-based language therapy to improve receptive and expressive language skills. In addition to language deficits, PWA are often affected by some level of working memory (WM) impairments. Both language and working memory impairments combined have a negative impact on PWA’s quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the application of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) combined with computerized WM training will result in near-ransfer effects (i.e., trained WM) and far-transfer effects (i.e., untrained language tasks) and have a positive effect on the quality of life of PWA. Methods. The participant was a 63-year-old Greek-Cypriot male who presented with mild receptive aphasia and short-term memory difficulties. Treatment was carried out using a multiple baseline (MB) design composed of a pretherapy or baseline testing phase, a therapy phase, and a posttherapy/follow-up phase. The treatment program involved iTBS application to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), an area responsible for WM, for 10 consecutive sessions. The participant received a 3-minute iTBS application followed by 30-minute computer-assisted WM training. Outcome measures included a WM screening test, a standardized aphasia test, a nonverbal intelligence test, story-telling speech samples, a procedural discourse task, and a questionnaire addressing quality of life. These measures were performed three times before the treatment, immediately upon completion of the treatment, and once during follow-up testing at 3 months posttreatment. Results. We found a beneficial effect of iTBS and WM training on naming, reading, WM, reasoning, narrative, communication efficiency, and quality of life (QoL). Implications for Rehabilitation. Noninvasive brain stimulation combined with computerized WM training may be used in aphasia rehabilitation to improve WM and generalize to language improvement.

Therapies and Challenges in the Post-Stroke Aphasia Rehabilitation Arena: Current and Future Prospects

“…The therapeutic potential of LF rTMS has also been reported as a standalone treatment e.g., [ 80 , 81 , 82 ]. Studies using HF rTMS on perilesional tissue in the left frontal regions [ 83 , 84 , 85 ] or the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [ 86 ] are also promising for language and cognitive gains post-stroke. Regarding the evidence from tDCS studies, cathodal tDCS over the right hemisphere e.g., [ 87 ], anodal tDCS over perilesional areas e.g., [ 88 ], and simultaneous cathodal and anodal tDCS e.g., [ 89 , 90 ] can induce favorable language effects in PWA.…”