Transceiver for Human Body Communication Using Frequency Selective Digital Transmission

Highly Simplified and Bandwidth-Efficient Human Body Communications Based on IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN Standard

“…In the Rx, the received signal can be determined to be a binary signal by using a comparator and a clock-and-data recovery in the analog front end (AFE) [9], [10], [21]. With the assumption of perfect frame synchronization, an ML detector calculates the HD between the hard-decision bit stream from the AFE, and all of the candidate symbol-code vectors, and finds the candidate code vector ĉ satisfying S arg min ( , d ),…”

“…Moreover, the bit-error-rate (BER) performance is degraded by the effects of the transmit filter due to inter-symbol interference (ISI) induced by the repeated binary patterns (RBPs) of '00' and '11' in the Highly Simplified and Bandwidth-Efficient Human Body Communications Based on IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN Standard transmitted signals [7]. Previous approaches based on FSDT have presented a parallelized multi-spreader [7], [8], multilevel baseband coding [9], and direct spreading using Walsh codes [10], but only considering an increase in throughput. This paper proposes a narrow band digital transmission (NBDT), which can achieve a maximum spectral efficiency of up to 1 bps/Hz with robustness against the band-limit effects on the transmit signals by the transmit filter.…”

“…The preamble signal for the FSDT presented in [5] requires an f 3dB-BW of 5.25 MHz for its chip rate, while the maximum information data rate is 1.3125 Mbps, thereby limiting the overall spectral efficiency to 0.25 bps/Hz. The preamble structures using the M-Sequence code [11] combined with the Walsh code presented in [9] and the Manchester-coded pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) used in [10] have good autocorrelation properties. However, they do not consider the spectral regulations in [12] regarding their wide bandwidths.…”

Bit error rate degradation model for time‐delay parameter of co‐channel interference occurring in human body communication

“…the human body) without the modulation required to be transformed to a pass-band signal in the intermediate frequency or radio frequency bands. Hence, HBC technology consumes a small amount of power while supporting a high data rate of over 1 Mbps [2,3]. The IEEE 802.15.6 working group for body area networks (BANs) has published a standard for a physical layer (PHY) using HBC [4].…”

Energy harvesting from electromagnetic interference induced in the human body

“…The harvesting system implemented using a wristband-type rectifier circuit produces more than 100 μW, which would be sufficient to power the sensors in wearable devices. Electromagnetic interference and the human body: A strong lowfrequency interference of ∼50 kHz with an amplitude of 110 mV pp was measured in the received signal of human body communications in which the human body is used as a transmission channel [4]. Even though there was no intentional or contact electromagnetic source, the amplitude of interference was at least ten times larger than that of the wanted received signal of 10 mV pp .…”