Transboundary spread of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) in West and Central Africa: Molecular characterization of identified viruses during outbreaks in Niger and Senegal, in 2019

Diallo, Alpha; Souley, Maman Moutari; Ibrahim, Abdoulkarim Issa; Alassane, Abdou; Issa, Rahila; Gagara, Haladou; Yaou, Bachir; Issiakou, Abdou; Diop, Mariame; Diouf, Racky Oumar Ba; Lo, Fatou Tall; Lô, Modou Moustapha; Bakhoum, Mame Thierno; Sylla, Mamadou; Seck, Momar Talla; Meseko, Clement; Shittu, Ismaila; Cullinane, Ann; Settypalli, Tirumala Bharani Kumar; Lamien, Charles Euloge; Dundon, William G.; Cattoli, Giovanni

doi:10.1111/tbed.13779

Cited by 20 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…The outbreaks in Niger, Senegal, and Nigeria, showed an EIV much more similar to the virus present in South America than that in Europe and the United States. This similarity supports an epidemiological link between South America and West Africa, and this is linked with the importation of horses from one region to the other (Sule et al, 2015;Diallo et al, 2020).…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

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Equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment

Dionísio

Medeiros

Pequito

et al. 2021

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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Influenza is an extremely contagious respiratory disease, which predominantly affects the upper respiratory tract. There are four types of influenza virus, and pigs and chickens are considered two key reservoirs of this virus. Equine influenza (EI) virus was first identified in horses in 1956, in Prague. The influenza A viruses responsible for EI are H7N7 and H3N8. Outbreaks of EI are characterized by their visible and rapid spread, and it has been possible to isolate and characterize H3N8 outbreaks in several countries. The clinical diagnosis of this disease is based on the clinical signs presented by the infected animals, which can be confirmed by performing complementary diagnostic tests. In the diagnosis of EI, in the field, rapid antigen detection tests can be used for a first approach. Treatment is based on the management of the disease and rest for the animal. Regarding the prognosis, it will depend on several factors, such as the animal's vaccination status. One of the important points in this disease is its prevention, which can be done through vaccination. In addition to decreasing the severity of clinical signs and morbidity during outbreaks, vaccination ensures immunity for the animals, reducing the economic impact of this disease.

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supporting

confidence: 73%

“…Through field samples, EIV FC1 was identified in Niger and Senegal. The presence of EI was also suspected in Ghana, but not yet confirmed (Diallo et al, 2020). The outbreaks in Niger, Senegal, and Nigeria, showed an EIV much more similar to the virus present in South America than that in Europe and the United States.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment

Dionísio

Medeiros

Pequito

et al. 2021

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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“…2010–2021: Over the last decade, multiple outbreaks of EIV infection were reported in many countries from different continents around the world ( Table 1 and Figure 2 ). Increased outbreaks of EIV were reported not only in North America [ 12 ], especially in the United States (US) where the disease is endemic, but also in Europe [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], Africa [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], Asia [ 12 , 19 , 20 ], and South America [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Recently, in the US, outbreaks were reported in 23 states in 2015, 16 states in 2016, 22 states in 2017, and 33 states between the end of 2018 and the first third of 2019 [ 12 , 27 ].…”

Section: Recent Outbreaks Of Eivmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The observation of disease in vaccinated horses may also indicate a possible vaccine breakdown necessitating vaccine verification and appropriate use or administration to forestall future outbreaks. Outbreaks of EIV are uncommonly reported in Africa, but recently, beginning from November of 2018 to 2019, outbreaks were reported in many African countries affecting horses and donkeys [ 16 , 17 , 27 ]. This unusual epizootic outbreak was responsible for the mortality of over 66,000 horses and donkeys across Burkina Faso, Chad, Cameroon, The Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and Senegal [ 17 ].…”

Section: Recent Outbreaks Of Eivmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outbreaks of EIV are uncommonly reported in Africa, but recently, beginning from November of 2018 to 2019, outbreaks were reported in many African countries affecting horses and donkeys [ 16 , 17 , 27 ]. This unusual epizootic outbreak was responsible for the mortality of over 66,000 horses and donkeys across Burkina Faso, Chad, Cameroon, The Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and Senegal [ 17 ]. EIV outbreaks have also been recently reported in Asian and Middle Eastern countries [ 12 ].…”

Section: Recent Outbreaks Of Eivmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines

Oladunni

Oseni

Martínez-Sobrido

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world’s horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.

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Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart

et al. 2021

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This study compared concurrent and separate primary vaccination against equid alphaherpesviruses 1 and 4, genus Varicellovirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and equine influenza A virus, genus Alphainfluenzavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae. Their vernacular names are equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1/4) and equine influenza virus (EIV). Infection with these respiratory pathogens is associated with loss of performance, interruption of training schedules, and on occasion, cancellation of equestrian events. Vaccination is highly recommended, and for some activities it is a mandatory requirement of the relevant authority. As there is a dearth of information relating to the impact of concurrent vaccination on the antibody response to EHV and EIV vaccines, they are usually administered separately, often 2 weeks apart. In a previous study of booster vaccination in Thoroughbred racehorses, concurrent vaccination with whole-virus inactivated carbopoladjuvanted EHV and EIV vaccines did not impact negatively on the antibody response. In this study, investigations were extended to concurrent versus separate primary vaccination of warmblood foals. A field study was conducted to compare the immune response to a carbopol-adjuvanted EHV vaccine and an immune stimulating complex (ISCOM)-adjuvanted EI vaccine administered concurrently and 2 weeks apart. No adverse clinical reactions were observed, the pattern of EI and EHV antibody response was similar for both groups, and there was no evidence that concurrent primary vaccination compromised the humoral response. The results are of relevance to horse owners who wish to decrease veterinary costs, limit handling of young animals, and simplify record keeping by vaccinating concurrently.

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Transboundary spread of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) in West and Central Africa: Molecular characterization of identified viruses during outbreaks in Niger and Senegal, in 2019

Abstract: Since November 2018, several countries in West and Central Africa have reported mortalities in donkeys and horses. Specifically, more than 66,000 horses and donkeys have succumbed to disease in

Cited by 20 publications

References 34 publications

Equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment

Equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment

Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines

Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart

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