Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines

Oladunni, Fatai S.; Oseni, Saheed Oluwasina; Martínez-Sobrido, Luis; Chambers, Thomas M.

doi:10.3390/v13081657

Cited by 32 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 237 publications

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“…We live in a time of intensive development of the horse industry and transport globalization, and the risk of new outbreaks is increasing. Available EIV vaccines are effective (27), and observed differences in clinical signs and epidemic size in this study confirmed the importance of EI vaccination. Vaccine protection is adequate despite the unpredictable EIV evolution, given that vaccinal strains are regularly updated (26).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Molecular epidemiology of equine influenza virus subtype H3N8 in Croatia (1968-2021)

Barbić¹,

Savić²,

Stevanović³

et al. 2021

Rad Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti

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Equine influenza (EI) is one of the most important viral diseases of horses. The first equine influenza virus (EIV) subtype H7N7 was isolated in 1956. It was circulating worldwide until its disappearance in the 1980s. In contrast, EIV subtype H3N8, described in 1963, is still circulating in the horse population. Outbreaks of EI have been reported in Croatia since the 60s of the previous century. The first EIV subtype H3N8 was isolated in Croatia in 1968. Since then, the same subtype caused three EI outbreaks in Croatia in 1988Croatia in , 2004Croatia in and 2015 In July 2021, outbreaks of acute respiratory infection were reported in two stud farms in continental Croatia, with differences in severity of clinical signs and epidemic size. EIV subtype H3N8 was confirmed as a causative agent. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus is a member of Florida sublineage clade 1. It was the first evidence of the Florida sublineage clade 1 EIV circulation in our country because the last two outbreaks, 2004 and 2015, were caused by Florida sublineage clade 2. This study investigated the molecular epidemiology of EIV subtype H3N8 isolated in Croatia from 1968 to 2021. Results confirmed that EIVs subtype H3N8 isolated in Croatia are closely related to other European strains isolated at the time of outbreaks in other European countries. Croatian isolates' evolution follows global EIV subtype H3N8 evolution, which indicates the sporadical introduction of the EIV in Croatia. In conclusion, molecular epidemiology of EIV subtype H3N8 in Croatia highlights the necessity of immunoprophylaxis with vaccines containing recent strains to protect the horse population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Molecular epidemiology of equine influenza virus subtype H3N8 in Croatia (1968-2021)

Barbić¹,

Savić²,

Stevanović³

et al. 2021

Rad Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti

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“…Requires multiple administrations to obtain a protective immune response and mainly invokes a humoral immune response [168]. Adjuvant added to improve immunogenicity [169] Subunit Yes Produced using embryonated eggs.…”

Section: Yesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Equine Influenza from a Human Influenza Perspective

Whitlock

Murcia

Newton

2022

Viruses

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a main natural reservoir in wild birds. IAVs are highly contagious, continually evolve, and have a wide host range that includes various mammalian species including horses, pigs, and humans. Furthering our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and cross-species transmissions is therefore essential. This review focuses on what is known regarding equine influenza virus (EIV) virology, pathogenesis, immune responses, clinical aspects, epidemiology (including factors contributing to local, national, and international transmission), surveillance, and preventive measures such as vaccines. We compare EIV and human influenza viruses and discuss parallels that can be drawn between them. We highlight differences in evolutionary rates between EIV and human IAVs, their impact on antigenic drift, and vaccine strain updates. We also describe the approaches used for the control of equine influenza (EI), which originated from those used in the human field, including surveillance networks and virological analysis methods. Finally, as vaccination in both species remains the cornerstone of disease mitigation, vaccine technologies and vaccination strategies against influenza in horses and humans are compared and discussed.

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“…However, it is unclear whether the extinction of the H7N7 subtype in horses is a result of vaccination campaigns, since the last isolation was in 1979 and the first vaccination trials were in 1983 [188]. Interestingly, antigenic drift of equine IAV seems to be lower than for other IAVs, delaying need for an adaptation of the vaccine strains by several years [189]. In contrast, swine IAV are faster evolving and it is challenging to adapt vaccines accordingly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs?

Kessler

Harder

Schwemmle

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is exemplified by numerous cases of human infection with avian IAVs (AIVs) and the 2009 swine influenza pandemic. In fact, zoonotic transmissions are strongly facilitated by manmade reservoirs that were created through the intensification and industrialization of livestock farming. This can be witnessed by the repeated introduction of IAVs from natural reservoirs of aquatic wild bird metapopulations into swine and poultry, and the accompanied emergence of partially- or fully-adapted human pathogenic viruses. On the other side, human adapted IAV have been (and still are) introduced into livestock by reverse zoonotic transmission. This link to manmade reservoirs was also observed before the 20th century, when horses seemed to have been an important reservoir for IAVs but lost relevance when the populations declined due to increasing industrialization. Therefore, to reduce zoonotic events, it is important to control the spread of IAV within these animal reservoirs, for example with efficient vaccination strategies, but also to critically surveil the different manmade reservoirs to evaluate the emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential.

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Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines

Cited by 32 publications

References 237 publications

Molecular epidemiology of equine influenza virus subtype H3N8 in Croatia (1968-2021)

Molecular epidemiology of equine influenza virus subtype H3N8 in Croatia (1968-2021)

A Review on Equine Influenza from a Human Influenza Perspective

Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs?

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