Transatlantic Radio Telephone Transmission

Espenschied, Lloyd; Anderson, C.N.; Bailey, Austin

doi:10.1109/jrproc.1926.221006

Cited by 24 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…As noted above, long datasets of VLF NB measurements can be examined, thus making them suitable to monitor oscillations of an annual scale. The annual cycle in VLF measurements was already measured during the 1920's through short-length (<1000 km) and trans-oceanic NB transmissions [e.g., Espenschied et al, 1926;Hollingworth, 1926;Ishii and Sakurazawa, 1964].…”

Section: Oscillations Of An Annual Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

On the Use of VLF Narrowband Measurements to Study the Lower Ionosphere and the Mesosphere–Lower Thermosphere

Silber

Price

2016

Surv Geophys

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The ionospheric D-region (~60 km up to ~95 km) and the corresponding neutral atmosphere, often refered to as the mesosphere-lower-thermosphere (MLT) are challenging and costly to probe in-situ. Therefore, remote sensing techniques have been developed over the years. One of these is based on VLF (Very low frequency, 3-30 kHz) electromagnetic waves generated by various natural and manmade sources. VLF waves propagate within the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, and are extremely sensitive to perturbations occurring in the D-region along their propagation path. Therefore, measurements of these signals serve as an inexpensive remote sensing technique for probing the lower ionosphere and the MLT region. This paper reviews the use of VLF narrowband (NB) signals (generated by man-made transmitters) in the study of the D-region and the MLT for over 90 years. The fields of research span time scales from microseconds to decadal variability, and incorporate lightning-induced short term perturbations; extraterrestrial radiation bursts; energetic particle precipitation events; solar eclipses; lower atmospheric waves penetrating into the D-region; sudden stratospheric warming events; the annual oscillation; the solar cycle; and finally, the potential use of VLF NB measurements as an anthropogenic climate change monitoring technique.

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Section: Oscillations Of An Annual Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

On the Use of VLF Narrowband Measurements to Study the Lower Ionosphere and the Mesosphere–Lower Thermosphere

Silber

Price

2016

Surv Geophys

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“…Prolonged periods of disturbances to LF (30-300 kHz) and VLF (3-30 kHz) mid-latitude transmissions associated with geomagnetic storms have been observed for many years [Espenshied et al, 1926;Bracewell et al, 1951;Lauter, 1950Lauter, , 1961Lauter and Knuth, 1967; Belrose and Thomas, 1968]. Numerous authors have suggested that precipitating energetic electrons (E • 40 key) produce the enhanced ionization in the D region that causes these disturbances [e.g., Lauter and Knuth, 1967; Belrose and Thomas, 1968].…”

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confidence: 99%

VLF propagation disturbances and electron precipitation at mid-latitudes

Potemra¹,

Rosenberg²

1973

J. Geophys. Res.

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Observations of nighttime phase disturbances to long‐distance mid‐latitude (2 ≲ L ≲ 4) VLF transmissions during a magnetospheric substorm on January 2, 1971, are presented. The onset of the phase disturbances to a number of VLF paths began at the time of the substorm expansion. Whistler measurements during this event indicate that all the paths were below the plasmapause. Bremsstrahlung X rays and VLF emissions were observed above the plasmapause, near L = 4, simultaneously with the VLF propagation disturbances. A previous analysis of the X ray and VLF emission data indicates that electron precipitation at L = 4 was caused by cyclotron resonance between energetic trapped electrons and whistler mode VLF waves near the equatorial plane. The data presented here suggest that the mid‐latitude ionospheric disturbances are due to energetic electron precipitation, which is possibly caused by this same mechanism. For this event it is estimated that a flux of electrons J(>40 kev) ≲ 300/cm² sec ster with e‐folding energy equal to 45 kev will account for the measured phase change along a path nearly parallel to L = 3. Calculations illustrate that nighttime VLF phase is very sensitive to values of incident electron flux that are only marginally detectable, if at all, with the more conventional indirect indicators of electron precipitation, e.g., X rays and riometer absorption. This suggests that VLF propagation can serve as a useful tool for the detection of low‐intensity electron precipitation.

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Overseas Radio Extensions to Wire Telephone Networks*

Espenschied¹,

Wilson²

1931

Bell System Technical Journal

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The development of intercontinental telephony through the agency of radio links connecting between the land networks is traced and its present trends indicated. A description is given of the facilities employed by the Bell System for overseas connections and connections to ships at sea. The transmission results secured with these facilities are set forth and some peculiar short‐wave phenomena discussed. International problems of frequency use and conservation are briefly summarized. A fairly comprehensive bibliography of technical papers on transoceanic telephony is included at the end of the paper.

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Transatlantic Radio Telephone Transmission

Cited by 24 publications

References 1 publication

On the Use of VLF Narrowband Measurements to Study the Lower Ionosphere and the Mesosphere–Lower Thermosphere

On the Use of VLF Narrowband Measurements to Study the Lower Ionosphere and the Mesosphere–Lower Thermosphere

VLF propagation disturbances and electron precipitation at mid-latitudes

Overseas Radio Extensions to Wire Telephone Networks*

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