trans Fatty acids in milk produced by women in the United States

Abstract

Milk fat from women living in the United States contains concentrations of trans FAs similar to those in milk from Canadian women but greater than those reported in milk from women in other countries. In decreasing order of concentration, the Delta10t, Delta11t, Delta9t, and Delta12t isomers represented 78.9% of the total 18:1t. These FAs generally originate from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and ruminant fat in the diet. No relation was found between the concentration of total trans FAs and milk fat concentration.

Linking fat intake, the intestinal microbiome, and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants

“…The range of DHA and ARA, as % of total FA, was 0.06-1.40 and 0.24-1.0, respectively (36). Coastal populations consuming marine foods, rich in preformed DHA, have higher milk DHA concentrations (36)(37)(38). Some but not all investigations show higher concentrations of saturated and PUFA in milk of women who delivered preterm (39).…”

“…With diverse dietary habits, even trans-FA are found in breast milk. Southwestern American women showed some of the highest trans-FA content in the world, approximately 7% of total FA (37). Declining levels of trans-fat content in Canadian women reflect population-based changes in dietary habits resulting from public health measures, specifically education of potential health risks and clearer food labeling of trans-FA content (40).…”

Discrimination among geometrical isomers of α-linolenic acid methyl ester using low energy electron ionization mass spectrometry

“…. While the naturally occurring isomers have mainly cis configuration, trans fatty acids appear naturally in milk [1,2] and can be artificially produced by heating and hydrogenation of vegetable oils [3]. Investigation of function and possible adverse effects of trans fatty acids on human health have been carried out extensively in recent years [4,5].…”

The Basic of Trans-Fatty Acids in Foods: An Update to Prevent Diseases

“…enzymatic transformation) in the rumen of animals (e.g., bacterian flora in cows, sheeps, goats) in mammalian breasts; 4,5 (ii) partial (or total) industrial catalysis of vegetables or fish oils requiring hydrogen gas or a metal catalyst (e.g. nickel) to replace saturated FAs, solidify vegetal fat products (e.g.…”