Training-overtraining: performance, and hormone levels, after a defined increase in training volume versus intensity in experienced middle- and long-distance runners.

Abstract

Performance and hormones were determined in eight middle- and nine long-distance runners after an increase in training volume (ITV, February 1989) or intensity (ITI, February 1990). Seven runners participated in both studies. The objective was to cause an overtraining syndrome. The mean training volume of 85.9 km week-1 increased within 3 weeks to 176.6 km week-1 during ITV and 96-98% of training volume was performed as long-distance runs at mean(s.d.) 67(8)% of maximum capacity. Speed endurance, high-speed and interval runs averaging 9 km week-1 increased within 3 weeks to 22.7 km during ITI, and the total volume increased from 61.6 to 84.7 km. A plateau in endurance performance and decrease in maximum performance occurred during ITV, probably due to overtraining, with performance incompetence over months. Nocturnal catecholamine excretion decreased markedly (47-53%), contrary to exercise-related plasma catecholamine responses, which increased. Resting and exercise-related cortisol and aldosterone levels decreased. Improvement in endurance and maximum performance occurred during ITI indicating a failure to cause an overtraining syndrome in ITI. Decrease in noctural catecholamine excretion was clearly lower (9-26%), exercise-related catecholamine responses showed a significant decrease, cortisol and aldosterone levels remained almost constant, exercise-related prolactin levels decreased slightly. There were no differences in insulin, C-peptide, free testosterone, somatotropic hormone (STH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). The decrease in nocturnal catecholamine excretion during ITV might indicate a decrease in intrinsic sympathetic activity in exhausted sportsmen. But it remains open whether this reflected a central nervous system incompetence.

Compreendendo o overtraining no desporto: da definição ao tratamento

“…Além disso, Steinle [81] encontrou uma correlação negativa entre a excreção de catecolaminas e a latência da fase REM do sono (r=-0,46; p<0,01), confirmando a hipótese de que uma diminuição na excreção de catecolaminas pode indicar a presença de fadiga central. Com relação à concentração plasmática de catecolaminas, em atletas em overtraining, tem se observado um aumento nos níveis de noradrenalina plasmática em repouso e em resposta ao exercício de intensidade moderada [46,49]. Hooper et al [34] também verificaram aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de noradrenalina no repouso, em nadadores em OT.…”

“…Por exemplo, Lehmann, Foster e Keul [48] concluíram que a implantação de um programa de treinamento diminuiu a sensibilidade da glândula adrenal ao ACTH em atletas recreacionais. Isto poderia explicar alguns estudos que indicaram uma diminuição na liberação do cortisol em atletas em OT [4,49,84].…”

Operator Functional State Assessment (L'evaluation de l'aptitude operationnelle de l'operateur humain)

“…Urinary catecholamines measured during resting periods have been reported to show lower levels after overtraining compared to levels prior to the overtraining (Lehmann et al, 1991). Venous norepinephrine may rise after workouts in short periods of resistance exercise (Fry, Kraemer & Van Borselen, 1994) or may decrease with exhaustion in endurance exercise (Lehmann, Gastmann & Petersen, 1992;Lehmann, Schnee, & Scheu, 1992).…”

The Effects of Electrostimulation and Core Exercises on Recovery After High-Intensity Exercise

“…Research showed that this popular method heals post-exercise muscle damage. Although there is very few research, the studies conducted focused on postexercise muscle damage and showed different results in terms of its effectiveness [15,16].…”