Traffic as a source of lead exposure in childhood

Lyngbye, Troels; Hansen, Ole Henrik; Grandjean, Philippe; Trillingsgaard, Anegen; Beese, Inge

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(88)90219-7

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Soil and/or dust lead arising from paint weathering or chalking (Bornschein eta/., 1987;Clark eta/., 1987;Sturges and Harrison, 1985;Charney et al, 1983;Stark et al, 1982) and atmospheric fallout from mobile sources (leaded gasoline) (Lyngbye et al, 1988;Brunekreef, 1984;Rabinowitz et al, 1984;Brunekreef et al, 1983) or point sources (smelters) (US CDC, 1986;Angle et al, 1984;Yankel et al, 1977) have been widely associated with significant contributions to blood (or dentine; Lyngbye et al, 1988), especially when examined with regard to blood-lead elevation rates per unit increase in media lead.…”

Section: The Lead-containing Matrix and Lead Bioavailabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,000 mg kg-1 Dust: 0.36 J..l.lllOI L -1 per 1,000 mg kg-1 Soil: 0.055 J.l.mol L -1 per 1,000 mg kg-1 Dust: O.ot J..l.lllOI L -1 per 1,000 mg kg-1 Charney et al, 1983Sturges and Harrison, 1985Brunekreef et al, 1983Brunekreef, 1984Lyngbye et al, 1988Rabinowitz et al, 1984CDC, 1986 Angle eta/., Yanke! eta/., 1977 f.Lmol L-1 per 1,000 mg kg-1 Pb-B values increased at soil Pb > 500 mg kg…”

Section: Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Gastro-Intestinal Absorption of Lead in Children and Adults: Overview of Biological and Biophysico-Chemical Aspects

Mushak

1991

Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability

102

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Intake and uptake of lead in the general population is mainly via the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. Those biological and biophysico-chemical factors operating in the Gl tract are the main determinants of Pb bioavailability. They include sites of Pb uptake, the physiology of uptake/transport to blood, the stage of development, interactions of Pb with nutrients, and Gl biochemical transformations of ingested material. Lead uptake occurs as ion or complex, from micelles and perhaps by pinocytosis in the infant. Uptake is mainly via the duodenum but other sites can participate, e.g. ileum (pinocytosis) and colon. Transport to blood is by active, carrier-mediated transport and passive diffusion. Uptake may include movement through intercellular tight junctions. Lead uptake is affected by nutrients in the Gl tract, operating synergistically or antagonistically. Iron and calcium interactions are most important and augment those also occurring in vivo in tissues. Liberation of lead from diverse ingested media, e.g. food, paint, soil and dust, mining waste, is affected by their chemical/physical forms, hydrolytic and oxidative processes in gastric fluid and other Gl sites. Such changes in vivo are poorly simulated by in vitro tests. The downward revision of blood lead (Pb-8) levels considered 'safe', to about 0.5 ~mol C 1 (10 ~g dL-t) or lower, causes even sources of moderately bioavailable Pb to become important.

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Section: The Lead-containing Matrix and Lead Bioavailabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Gastro-Intestinal Absorption of Lead in Children and Adults: Overview of Biological and Biophysico-Chemical Aspects

Mushak

1991

Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability

102

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“…Lead poisoning is a critical public health concern because of its toxic nature and widespread distribution in the environment [1][2][3]. Extensive studies have explored the health impacts of lead from a variety of environmental sources including lead in paint for old homes [4][5][6], drinking water [7], soils [8-10], and tra c dust [11,12]. Policy solutions in the past several decades such as banning the use of lead-based paint and removal of lead from gasoline and drinking water pipelines have signi cantly decreased the risks of environmental lead exposure [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Racial and Economic Disparities in Exposure to Airborne Lead from Industrial Facilities in Kentucky, USA

Zhang

Sears

Zierold

2022

Preprint

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Background: Exposure to harmful lead is a critical public health concern due to its toxic nature and widespread distribution in the environment. Given the fact that policy solutions in the past several decades have significantly decreased the risks of environmental lead exposure, a remaining threat is toxic lead emissions from industrial facilities. This study examined the racial and economic disparities in proximity to lead-releasing industrial facilities and the concomitant lead exposure in Kentucky in the U.S. Methods: We applied unique geospatial analysis methods including distance buffer, location quotients, and population-weighted exposures to analyze the spatial patterns of lead-releasing industrial facilities and lead exposure concerning environmental injustice between blacks and whites and between the below-poverty and above-poverty populations. Pearson’s linear correlation and paired samples t-test were performed to examine the statistical significance of racial and economic inequalities measured by distance to polluting facilities, lead concentration, and population-weighted exposure to lead. Results: We identified a negative correlation between percent of the population that was black and distance to Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) sites (r = -0.240, p <0.001) and opposite results were observed for whites (r = 0.284, p <0.001). Likewise, median household income was positively associated with distance to TRI facilities (r = 0.197, p < 0.001) while poverty rate was inversely related to distance to TRI facilities (p = -0.189, p <0.001). Moreover, blacks and the below-poverty group had larger mean population-weighted lead exposures than whites and the above-poverty group respectively although the mean differences for each pair was statistically insignificant. Conclusions: Results of this study provide new evidence supporting the environmental injustice proposition that assets low-income and ethnic minorities are more likely to reside in the vicinity of toxic-releasing industrial facilities and are therefore disproportionately exposed to airborne lead. Findings can help promote the need for reduced national ambient air quality standards for lead releases and mitigate environmental injustice.

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Terrestrial isopods: useful biological indicators of urban metal pollution

1992

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Environmental pollution by toxic metals is widespread in urban areas. In contrast to many industrialized sites, however, metal pollution in most urban regions occurs at low or moderately elevated levels. Reliable criteria of environmental quality have therefore to be established, with the consequence that there is an increasing need for sensitive monitoring of pollution. In this present study, the isopod species Porcellio scaber was used as a bioindicator of lead and cadmium pollution in Innsbruck, Austria. During May 1988, isopods were collected at 356 points over the whole city area; lead and cadmium in whole animals were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Lead and cadmium contamination of urban districts were correlated with traffic density, the only exception being higher cadmium contamination of one district in which several factories are situated. Concentrations of lead, but not of cadmium, increased along the main arterial roads with increasing traffic density and with decreasing distance from the city centre. On a large scale, concentrations of lead and cadmium increased in the direction of the prevailing wind, from south-west to north-east. On a small scale, the variability of metal concentrations can be explained by the irregular distribution of active business centres, by different degrees of contamination between exposed and non-exposed sites, and by contamination gradients depending on wind direction. Compared to highly polluted sites around industrial factories and metal smelting works, lead contamination in Innsbruck can be considered as moderately elevated, whereas cadmium contamination is low.

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Traffic as a source of lead exposure in childhood

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Gastro-Intestinal Absorption of Lead in Children and Adults: Overview of Biological and Biophysico-Chemical Aspects

Gastro-Intestinal Absorption of Lead in Children and Adults: Overview of Biological and Biophysico-Chemical Aspects

Exploring Racial and Economic Disparities in Exposure to Airborne Lead from Industrial Facilities in Kentucky, USA

Terrestrial isopods: useful biological indicators of urban metal pollution

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