Traditional Uses, Pharmacological, and Phytochemical Studies of Euphorbia: A Review

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Plants of the genus Euphorbia have long been used as traditional medicine in China, Europe, America, Turkey, India, Africa, Iran, and Pakistan for their great medicinal value and health benefits. Their stems, leaves, roots, latex are widely used to treat respiratory infections, body and skin irritations, digestive disorders, inflammatory infections, body pain, snake or scorpion bites, pregnancy, sensory disturbances, microbial and anti-cancer diseases. Objective: This review aimed to provide updated information on the genus Euphorbia, including traditional medicinal uses, valuation and exploitation of medicinal plants, phytochemistry, botanical characterization, pharmacological and toxicological research focused on the medicinal properties of several Euphorbias in particular their antibacterial, anti-tumor, and cell manifestations, in addition to the effect of each isolated bioactive molecule from these species and their pharmacological use including preclinical evaluation of new drugs. Materials and methods: This work was conducted using scientific databases such as: PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, etc. In addition, ChemDraw software has been used for the drawing of chemical molecules. The correct names of the plants were confirmed from plantlist.org. The results of this review research were interpreted, analyzed and documented based on the bibliographical information obtained. Results: Among all the species of the Euphorbiaceae family, 15 species have been demonstrated to exhibit anticancer activity, 21 species have antibacterial activity and 10 species have cytotoxic activity. The majority of the chemical constituents of this plant include triterpenoid glycosides, diterpenoids, flavonoids, and the 4α-methyl steroids. Among them, the main bioactive constituents are present in the diterpenoid fraction. The study of more than 33 steroid plants identified more than 104 compounds. Pharmacological research proved that the crude extracts and some pure compounds obtained from Euphorbia had activities for the treatment of different diseases. The objective of the present study was focused on cytotoxic, antibacterial and antitumor diseases. The study of the phytochemistry of the Euphorbia families led to the conclusion that all the plants studied had active compounds, of which 27 plants characterized by their cytotoxic effects, 7 had antibacterial effects and 10 plants had anti-tumor activities. Therefore, the safety of Euphorbia herbal medicine should be considered a top priority in the early stages of development and clinical trials. Conclusions: Many previous studies have validated many traditional uses of Euphorbia species. The latex of some Euphorbia species seems to be toxic however studies dealing with safety and quality of these species are still incomplete. Extensive studies are needed on the Euphorbia plants before it can be fully used in clinics as a potent drug candidate, as researchers are focusing mainly on diterpenoids and triterpenoids, while there are many other types of compounds that may possess new biological activities.

Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Four Euphorbia Species from Jordan

“…Previous phytochemical investigations of the alcoholic extract obtained from the aerial parts of E. prostrata, E. milii, E. hirta, E. helioscopia, and E. caducifolia indicated the detection of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] In addition to these classes, the aqueous extract of E. heterophylla contained saponins. 38 This wide spectrum of secondary metabolites contributes greatly to minimizing oxidative stress, cancer, impotency, cardiac dysfunction, and microbial inhibition.…”

INVESTIGATION OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ELEMENTAL CONSTITUENTS OF Euphorbia graminae

“…In traditional medicine, this herb has been used to treat respiratory infections and gastrointestinal problems [31]. This is connected to tannins since tannins have various medicinal uses, including the prevention of urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and digestive disorders including dysentery [32].…”

Exploring In Vitro Inhibition of the Causal agent of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt by Medicinal Plant Extracts sourced from North Kivu province, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.

“…Especially in the Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae and Asteraceae families an important number of species are used for their antibacterial proprieties [36,37,38]. These effects are attributed to the presence of an estimated 104 chemical components, including glycosidic, phenolic acids, coumarins, monoterpenoids, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, avonoids, and 4α-methyl steroids [39]. As such, this study aimed to identify the plant species capable of inhibiting the growth of Xanthomonas vasicola pv.…”