“…We have made every effort to include the most current and high-quality studies into our systematic review, despite the limitations and potential biases inherent in the available evidence due to the exigency of responding to the pandemic. 50 Although the WHO has declared the termination of the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency of International Concern, 51 the enduring impact of the pandemic persists. It is crucial to sustain research efforts and address comprehensively the long-term health ramifications of COVID-19, while promptly updating our understanding in light of emerging evidence.…”
“…We have made every effort to include the most current and high-quality studies into our systematic review, despite the limitations and potential biases inherent in the available evidence due to the exigency of responding to the pandemic. 50 Although the WHO has declared the termination of the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency of International Concern, 51 the enduring impact of the pandemic persists. It is crucial to sustain research efforts and address comprehensively the long-term health ramifications of COVID-19, while promptly updating our understanding in light of emerging evidence.…”
“…During the COVID-19 pandemic when some underdeveloped countries experienced shortage of medical resources and restricted access to medical institutions, TCIM interventions tended to be accepted as a panacea, and this kind of attitude is based on health-related beliefs and the desire for self-care to improve immunity from the viral infection with a holistic approach ( 26 , 80 , 81 ). China published TCM guidelines for COVID-19, which might be related to the high usage rate of TCM interventions for therapeutic purposes during the pandemic period ( 7 , 82 – 84 ). Meanwhile, the prevalence of TCIM usage in Western countries, such as the United States, was as high as that in underdeveloped countries.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a way to solve this problem, it is necessary to use a survey that captures the entire population of interest or probability sampling methods, so that the overall opinion of the general population of interest can be reflected. Hospital-based COVID patient chart review data could also be biased because most studies were conducted in China, which is one of the few countries with published TCIM CPGs for COVID-19 ( 84 , 87 , 88 ). International cooperative surveys on the usage of TCIM interventions would be helpful to overcome the bias introduced by these limitations.…”
BackgroundTraditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine (TCIM) has been reported to use for symptom management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this review was to identify the overall usage prevalence of TCIM interventions for COVID-19.MethodsSurveys on the general population and observational studies on the COVID-19 patient chart review were located in the search of PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases in September 2021. Observational studies, such as cross-sectional studies, surveys, cohort studies and hospital-based patient case reviews, published in any language, reporting the usage of TCIM in the patients with COVID-19 or the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic were included in this review. Data screening and extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. The reporting quality of the included studies was assessed with the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. To conduct a meta-analysis of the usage prevalence of various TCIM interventions, the effect size of the proportion for each intervention was calculated with the inverse variance method. The main outcome was usage prevalence of TCIM interventions among patients with COVID-19 or the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsA total of 62 studies were included in this review. The overall TCIM usage prevalence was estimated to be 0.64 (95% CI 0.54–0.73). The overall prevalence did not differ between the population-based survey (0.65, 95% CI 0.48–0.81) and the hospital-based patient case review (0.63, 95% CI 0.52–0.73). Statistical heterogeneity and comparatively low quality in reporting were observed, which should be cautiously considered when interpreting the results.ConclusionVarious TCIM interventions were reported to be used with comparatively high frequency. Future international collaborative research might overcome the main limitation of this study, i.e., the heterogeneity of the included data.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=278452, identifier: CRD42021278452.
“…Furthermore, the variants involved in this study were undefined, and the association of outcomes with preventative interventions was unclear. Notably, the data may vary across different waves of the pandemic and target population [26] . For instance, HCWs in Xiamen accumulated experience in combating COVID-19 as a result of the localized outbreaks that occurred in Xiamen, Fujian province, China in September 2021 and May 2022.…”
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