Track analysis beyond panbiogeography

Abstract

Aim Panbiogeography, as originally formulated by L eon Croizat, assumed that vicariance and range expansion are the only biogeographical processes needed to explain general biotic distributions. This was in opposition to the prevailing paradigm at the time, known as dispersalism, which postulates that organisms evolve in 'centres of origin' from pre-existing species and then randomly cross barriers to occupy new areas, where they adapt and evolve into new species. The panbiogeographic approach is implemented through track analysis, which consists of three basic steps: constructing individual tracks for two or more different taxa, obtaining generalized tracks where two or more different individual tracks coincide, and identifying nodes in the areas where two or more generalized tracks intersect. In this synthesis I discuss some criticisms that have been directed at panbiogeography and track analysis.Location Global.Methods I evaluated the papers with track analyses that have been published in the last few decades and the critiques provided by several authors.Results Most of the critiques have been directed at the original panbiogeographic approach, with its complete or almost complete reliance on vicariance explanations. Track analyses published in the 1980s and 1990s usually applied a strict vicariance explanation; however, most of the analyses published in the last 10 years or so consider both vicariance and dispersal to explain the observed patterns.Main conclusions Although Croizat's metaphor 'Earth and life evolve together' may be a useful guide to understanding broad, general patterns, the relationships between Earth history and life are more complex because biotic history is reticulate. To reduce our explanations exclusively to vicariance or dispersal is misguided. We should integrate both processes into a dispersalvicariance model that allows us to understand the evolution of biotic distributions, incorporating the dating of the lineages and the identification of the cenocrons (sets of taxa that share the same biogeographical history) that coexist within biotas. In the framework of this model, panbiogeographic track analysis is a useful method for identifying biotas, and may constitute the first step of an evolutionary biogeographical analysis.

Evaluación de AE y PAE para identificar trazos generalizados, a partir de las serpientes del estado de Hidalgo, México

“…Sin embargo, en el PAE se descartó, ya que aunque forma parte del trazo generalizado su distribución es muy restringida, por lo que queda anidada dentro de éste y, según la definición, para que un trazo individual pueda considerarse como parte de un trazo generalizado debe existir una superposición significativa de las distribuciones individuales, no solo con partes de ella (Morrone, 2015); con el AE esta especie coincide con la distribución de las otras especies que conforman los trazos generalizados debido a que al utilizar tamaños de celda pequeña se pueden identificar áreas que representan trazos generalizados restringidos .…”

“…La panbiogeografía (Craw, 1988) es un enfoque histórico que surgió como reacción al dispersalismo de Darwin (1859) y Wallace (1876). De acuerdo con Croizat (1958Croizat ( , 1964, este método asume que las biotas evolucionan de acuerdo a los cambios en las barreras geográficas, lo que se resume en la idea general de que "Tierra y biota evolucionan juntas" (Morrone, 2000), aunque debe considerarse también a la dispersión como un componente para comprender la distribución y evolución de las biotas (Morrone, 2015).…”

“…Uno de los conceptos centrales en la Panbiogeografía es el trazo generalizado, el cual representa una biota ancestral que se ha fragmentado por eventos geológicos (Morrone, 2004;2015). A lo largo del tiempo se han utilizado diferentes métodos para identificar dichos trazos generalizados (Fernández-Badillo, Goyenechea, & Escalante, 2014;Morrone, 2001.…”

“…El PAE ha sido ampliamente utilizado y es considerado como un buen método para identificar los trazos generalizados (Morrone, 2014(Morrone, , 2015, ya que permite delimitar áreas de endemismo, las cuales son análogas a los trazos generalizados, porque en ambos conceptos es necesario detectar la congruencia distribucional en dos o más táxones (García-Marmolejo, Escalante, & Morrone, 2008). El PAE permite construir cladogramas de áreas mediante análi-sis cladísticos de matrices de datos de presencia y ausencia de táxones, donde los trazos individuales que evidencian el agrupamiento de áreas son considerados como trazos generalizados (Craw, Grehan, & Heads, 1999;Luna-Vega et al, 2000;Crisci, Katinas, & Posadas, 2000;Escalante & Morrone, 2003;Morrone, 2004).…”

Jurassic primates, immobile ducks and other oddities: a reply to Heads’ review of The Monkey’s Voyage

“…(A related point is that not all researchers who use the panbiogeographic approach of track analysis dismiss LDD as insignificant; e.g. see Page and Lydeard 1994;Morrone 2015. ) Regarding the opposing views at the heart of the present paper, it is important to correct from the start an inaccurate impression given by Heads.…”