Tracing the technology development and trends of hard carbon anode materials - A market and patent analysis

Liu, Huiting; Baumann, Manuel; Dou, Xiaoming; Klemens, Julian; Schneider, Luca; Häringer, Marcel; Scharfer, Phillip; Ehrenberg, Helmut; Schabel, Wilhelm; Fleischer, Jürgen; Aßen, Niklas von der; Weil, Marcel

doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.105964

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…However, HC is still in the early stage of commercial development. 93 Potential constraints in the HC market include an uneven distribution of market and research activity, a lack of information openness in the upstream supply chain, and the possibility of market hype due to its immaturity. Currently, the primary purchasers of HC are SIB manufacturers and developers.…”

Section: ■ Evaluation Of Electrochemical Performace Of Hard Carbon De...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Dey,

Worfolk,

Lower

et al. 2024

ACS Energy Lett.

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Sodium-ion batteries are complementary to lithium-ion batteries for grid-scale energy storage applications due to lower cost, safety, and potential for sustainable supply chains. The past decade has witnessed enormous research efforts in developing hard carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Phenolic resins have received significant attention as hard carbon precursors due to their high carbon yield, highly cross-linked structure, low cost, mature technology, and excellent electrochemical performance of corresponding hard carbon anode. This Review exclusively highlights the state-of-the-art preparation of hard carbon from phenolic resins, and the electrochemical performance in sodium-ion batteries. Cross-linked resins are prepared from three phenolic monomers (phenol, resorcinol, and phloroglucinol) to produce hard carbon. The effects of carbonization temperature on the microstructure, and electrochemical properties of hard carbon have been summarized here. Hard carbon formation, and sodium storage mechanisms have been briefly outlined. Finally, this Review provides an industrial perspective on hard carbon production at scale.

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Section: ■ Evaluation Of Electrochemical Performace Of Hard Carbon De...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Dey,

Worfolk,

Lower

et al. 2024

ACS Energy Lett.

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“…[12] HC is therefore regarded as the most promising candidate for anode materials in commercial SIBs. [12,13] One the negative side, however, the initial capacity loss of HC during battery formation is still higher than for graphite-based anodes in state of the art LIB-systems. [14] On both, graphite and HC, a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is formed in which some of the charge carriers are bound.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hard Carbon (HC) is commonly used instead, which is challenging and advantageous at the same time. On the positive side, compared to graphite, HC has an abundant choice of precursors and a good perspective for the reduction of production cost and environmental impact [12] . HC is therefore regarded as the most promising candidate for anode materials in commercial SIBs [12,13] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the positive side, compared to graphite, HC has an abundant choice of precursors and a good perspective for the reduction of production cost and environmental impact [12] . HC is therefore regarded as the most promising candidate for anode materials in commercial SIBs [12,13] . One the negative side, however, the initial capacity loss of HC during battery formation is still higher than for graphite‐based anodes in state of the art LIB‐systems [14] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enabling Long‐term Cycling Stability of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C vs. Hard Carbon Full‐cells

Stüble,

Müller,

Klemens

et al. 2023

Batteries & Supercaps

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Sodium‐ion batteries are becoming an increasingly important complement to lithium‐ion batteries. However, while extensive knowledge on the preparation of Li‐ion batteries with excellent cycling behavior exists, studies on applicable long‐lasting sodium‐ion batteries are still limited. Therefore, this study focuses on the cycling stability of batteries composed of Na3V2(PO4)3/C based cathodes and hard carbon anodes. It is shown that full‐cells with a decent stability are obtained for ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate electrolyte and the conducting salt NaPF6. With cathode loadings of 1.2 mAh/cm2, after cell formation discharge capacities up to 92.6 mAh/g are obtained, and capacity retentions >90 % over 1000 charge/discharge cycles at 0.5 C/0.5 C are observed. It is shown that both, the additive fluoroethylene carbonate and impurities in the electrolyte, negatively affect the overall discharge capacity and cycling stability and should therefore be avoided. Remarkably, the internal resistances of well‐balanced and well‐built cells did not increase over 1500 cycles and 5 months of testing, which is a very promising result regarding the possible lifespan of the cells. The initial loss of active sodium ions in hard carbon remains a major problem, which can only be partially reduced by proper balancing.

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“…[2,3] However, given the resource availability of active materials from sustainable raw materials, at potentially low cost, SIB is one of the most promising post-Li batteries for widespread commercialization in the coming years. [4][5][6] Electrode processing of materials for SIB is expected to be very similar to the processing of LIB materials. However, the producibility and material processing challenges of potential electrode materials for anodes and cathodes are poorly investigated.Unlike for the LIB, graphite cannot be recommended as anode material for the SIB, because the formation of a Na-graphite-intercalation compound is energetically unfavorable and has a very low capacity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Process and Drying Behavior Toward Higher Drying Rates of Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Different Particle Sizes: An Experimental Study in Comparison to Graphite for Lithium‐Ion‐Batteries

et al. 2023

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and sodium-ion batteries (SIB) are both based on similar intercalation/insertion electrodes of the respective alkali ions into the active materials during charging and discharging. [1] Due to the larger and heavier sodium (Na) ion, a lower gravimetric and as well volumetric capacity than with lithium can be achieved. [2,3] However, given the resource availability of active materials from sustainable raw materials, at potentially low cost, SIB is one of the most promising post-Li batteries for widespread commercialization in the coming years. [4][5][6] Electrode processing of materials for SIB is expected to be very similar to the processing of LIB materials. However, the producibility and material processing challenges of potential electrode materials for anodes and cathodes are poorly investigated.Unlike for the LIB, graphite cannot be recommended as anode material for the SIB, because the formation of a Na-graphite-intercalation compound is energetically unfavorable and has a very low capacity. [7][8][9][10] Instead, hard carbon (HC) is considered to be a promising anode active material with good electrochemical performance for alkali-metal-ion batteries, such as SIBs. [8] The low material costs, the fact that HC can be produced from sustainable raw materials, and the low electrode potential are advantageous for the use of HC as an anode material for SIB. [11,12] However, high capacity losses in the first cycles and at high current rates are still challenging. The performance characteristics of HC active materials, which result from different synthesis methods, are different. [8] The selected precursor and the carbonization conditions, namely, the carbonization temperature, influence the nongraphitic structure of the HC produced and thus, its properties. [2,8,10] The non graphitic structure of the HC offers various areas where Na ions can be deposited. These include especially the regions between the graphite-like domains consisting of micropores and defect sites. Various models describing the storage mechanism, which are controversially discussed, can be found in the literature. [2,10,13,14]

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Tracing the technology development and trends of hard carbon anode materials - A market and patent analysis

Cited by 13 publications

References 57 publications

Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Enabling Long‐term Cycling Stability of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C vs. Hard Carbon Full‐cells

Process and Drying Behavior Toward Higher Drying Rates of Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Different Particle Sizes: An Experimental Study in Comparison to Graphite for Lithium‐Ion‐Batteries

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Tracing the technology development and trends of hard carbon anode materials - A market and patent analysis

Cited by 13 publications

References 57 publications

Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Enabling Long‐term Cycling Stability of Na3V2(PO4)3/C vs. Hard Carbon Full‐cells

Process and Drying Behavior Toward Higher Drying Rates of Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Different Particle Sizes: An Experimental Study in Comparison to Graphite for Lithium‐Ion‐Batteries

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Enabling Long‐term Cycling Stability of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C vs. Hard Carbon Full‐cells